12.2.2. Core objects: Containers — `MDAnalysis.core.groups`

The Universe instance contains all the particles in the system (which MDAnalysis calls Atom). Groups of atoms are handled as AtomGroup instances. The AtomGroup is probably the most important object in MDAnalysis because virtually everything can be accessed through it. AtomGroup instances can be easily created (e.g., from an AtomGroup.select_atoms() selection or simply by slicing).

For convenience, chemically meaningful groups of Atoms such as a Residue or a Segment (typically a whole molecule or all of the solvent) also exist as containers, as well as groups of these units (ResidueGroup, SegmentGroup).

12.2.2.1. Classes

12.2.2.1.1. Collections

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup(*args, **kwargs)[source]

An ordered array of atoms.

Can be initiated from an iterable of Atoms:

ag = AtomGroup([Atom1, Atom2, Atom3])

Or from providing a list of indices and the Universe it should belong to:

ag = AtomGroup([72, 14, 25], u)

Alternatively, an AtomGroup is generated by indexing/slicing another AtomGroup, such as the group of all Atoms in the Universe at MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe.atoms.

An AtomGroup can be indexed and sliced like a list:

ag[0], ag[-1]

will return the first and the last Atom in the group whereas the slice:

ag[0:6:2]

returns an AtomGroup of every second element, corresponding to indices 0, 2, and 4.

It also supports “advanced slicing” when the argument is a numpy.ndarray or a list:

aslice = [0, 3, -1, 10, 3]
ag[aslice]

will return a new AtomGroup of Atoms with those indices in the old AtomGroup.

Finally, AtomGroups can be created from a selection. See select_atoms().

Note

AtomGroups originating from a selection are sorted and duplicate elements are removed. This is not true for AtomGroups produced by slicing. Thus, slicing can be used when the order of atoms is crucial (for instance, in order to define angles or dihedrals).

AtomGroups can be compared and combined using group operators. For instance, AtomGroups can be concatenated using + or concatenate():

ag_concat = ag1 + ag2  # or ag_concat = ag1.concatenate(ag2)

When groups are concatenated, the order of the Atoms is conserved. If Atoms appear several times in one of the groups, the duplicates are kept in the resulting group. On the contrary to concatenate(), union() treats the AtomGroups as sets so that duplicates are removed from the resulting group, and Atoms are ordered. The | operator is synomymous to union():

ag_union = ag1 | ag2  # or ag_union = ag1.union(ag2)

The opposite operation to concatenate() is subtract(). This method creates a new group with all the Atoms of the group that are not in a given other group; the order of the Atoms is kept, and so are duplicates. difference() is the set version of subtract(). The resulting group is sorted and deduplicated.

All set methods are listed in the table below. These methods treat the groups as sorted and deduplicated sets of Atoms.

Operation	Equivalent	Result
`s.isdisjoint(t)`		`True` if `s` and `t` do not share elements
`s.issubset(t)`		test if all elements of `s` are part of `t`
`s.is_strict_subset(t)`		test if all elements of `s` are part of `t`, and `s != t`
`s.issuperset(t)`		test if all elements of `t` are part of `s`
`s.is_strict_superset(t)`		test if all elements of `t` are part of `s`, and `s != t`
`s.union(t)`	`s \| t`	new Group with elements from both `s` and `t`
`s.intersection(t)`	`s & t`	new Group with elements common to `s` and `t`
`s.difference(t)`	`s - t`	new Group with elements of `s` that are not in `t`
`s.symmetric_difference(t)`	`s ^ t`	new Group with elements that are part of `s` or `t` but not both

The following methods keep the order of the atoms as well as duplicates.

Operation	Equivalent	Result
`len(s)`		number of elements (atoms, residues or segment) in the group
`s == t`		test if `s` and `t` contain the same elements in the same order
`s.concatenate(t)`	`s + t`	new Group with elements from `s` and from `t`
`s.subtract(t)`		new Group with elements from `s` that are not in `t`

The in operator allows to test if an Atom is in the AtomGroup.

AtomGroup instances are always bound to a MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe. They cannot exist in isolation.

During serialization, AtomGroup will be pickled with its bound MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe which means after unpickling, a new MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe will be created and be attached by the new AtomGroup. If the Universe is serialized with its AtomGroup, they will still be bound together afterwards:

>>> import pickle

>>> u = mda.Universe(PSF, DCD)
>>> g = u.atoms

>>> g_pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(g))
>>> print("g_pickled.universe is u: ", u is g_pickled.universe)
g_pickled.universe is u:  False

>>> g_pickled, u_pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps((g, u)))
>>> print("g_pickled.universe is u_pickled: ",
...       u_pickled is g_pickled.universe)
g_pickled.universe is u_pickled:  True

If multiple AtomGroup are bound to the same MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe, they will bound to the same one after serialization:

>>> import pickle

>>> u = mda.Universe(PSF, DCD)
>>> g = u.atoms
>>> h = u.atoms

>>> g_pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(g))
>>> h_pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(h))
>>> print("g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe: ",
...       g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe)
g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe:  False

>>> g_pickled, h_pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps((g, h)))
>>> print("g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe: ",
...       g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe)
g_pickled.universe is h_pickled.universe:  True

The aforementioned two cases are useful for implementation of parallel analysis base classes. First, you always get an independent MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe in the new process; you don’t have to worry about detaching and reattaching Universe with AtomGroup. It also means the state of the new pickled AtomGroup will not be changed with the old Universe, So either the Universe has to pickled together with the AtomGroup (e.g. as a tuple, or as attributes of the object to be pickled), or the implicit new Universe (AtomGroup.Universe) needs to be used. Second, When multiple AtomGroup need to be pickled, they will recognize if they belong to the same Univese or not. Also keep in mind that they need to be pickled together.

See also

MDAnalysis.core.universe.Universe

Deprecated since version 0.16.2: Instant selectors of AtomGroup will be removed in the 1.0 release.

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed instant selectors, use select_atoms(‘name …’) to select atoms by name.

Changed in version 2.0.0: AtomGroup can always be pickled with or without its universe, instead of failing when not finding its anchored universe.

Changed in version 2.1.0: Indexing an AtomGroup with None raises a TypeError.

accumulate(attribute, function=<function sum>, compound='group')

Accumulates the attribute associated with (compounds of) the group.

Accumulates the attribute of Atoms in the group. The accumulation per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. By default, the method sums up all attributes per compound, but any function that takes an array and returns an acuumulation over a given axis can be used. For multi-dimensional input arrays, the accumulation is performed along the first axis.

Parameters:

attribute (str or array_like) – Attribute or array of values to accumulate. If a numpy.ndarray (or compatible) is provided, its first dimension must have the same length as the total number of atoms in the group.
function (callable, optional) – The function performing the accumulation. It must take the array of attribute values to accumulate as its only positional argument and accept an (optional) keyword argument axis allowing to specify the axis along which the accumulation is performed.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the accumulation of all attributes associated with atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the accumulation of the attributes per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

Acuumulation of the attribute. If compound is set to 'group', the first dimension of the attribute array will be contracted to a single value. If compound is set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the length of the first dimension will correspond to the number of compounds. In all cases, the other dimensions of the returned array will be of the original shape (without the first dimension).

Return type:

float or numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If the length of a provided attribute array does not correspond to the number of atoms in the group.
ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums), or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the total charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.accumulate('charges')
-251.68500316143036

To find the total mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.accumulate('masses', compound='residues')
 array([12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        ...

To find the maximum atomic charge per fragment of a given AtomGroup:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> sel.accumulate('charges', compound="fragments", function=np.max)
array([0.20999999])

Added in version 0.20.0.

align_principal_axis(axis, vector)

Align principal axis with index axis with vector.

Parameters:

axis ({0, 1, 2}) – Index of the principal axis (0, 1, or 2), as produced by principal_axes().
vector (array_like) – Vector to align principal axis with.

Notes

To align the long axis of a channel (the first principal axis, i.e. axis = 0) with the z-axis:

u.atoms.align_principal_axis(0, [0,0,1])
u.atoms.write("aligned.pdb")

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property angle

This AtomGroup represented as an MDAnalysis.core.topologyobjects.Angle object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 3

Added in version 0.11.0.

asphericity(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Asphericity.

See [Dima2004b] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap and compound parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

asunique(sorted=False)[source]

Return a AtomGroup containing unique Atoms only, with optional sorting.

If the AtomGroup is unique, this is the group itself.

Parameters:: sorted (bool (optional)) – Whether or not the returned AtomGroup should be sorted by index.
Returns:: Unique AtomGroup
Return type:: AtomGroup

Examples

>>> import MDAnalysis as mda
>>> from MDAnalysis.tests.datafiles import PSF, DCD
>>> u = mda.Universe(PSF, DCD)
>>> ag = u.atoms[[2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag2 = ag.asunique(sorted=False)
>>> ag2 is ag
True
>>> ag2.ix
array([2, 1, 0])
>>> ag3 = ag.asunique(sorted=True)
>>> ag3 is ag
False
>>> ag3.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> u.atoms[[2, 1, 1, 0, 1]].asunique(sorted=False).ix
array([2, 1, 0])

Added in version 2.0.0.

property atoms

The AtomGroup itself.

See also

copy: return a true copy of the AtomGroup

Changed in version 0.19.0: In previous versions, this returned a copy, but now the AtomGroup itself is returned. This should not affect any code but only speed up calculations.

bbox(wrap=False)

Return the bounding box of the selection.

The lengths A,B,C of the orthorhombic enclosing box are

L = AtomGroup.bbox()
A,B,C = L[1] - L[0]

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all Atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: corners – 2x3 array giving corners of bounding box as [[xmin, ymin, zmin], [xmax, ymax, zmax]].
Return type:: numpy.ndarray

Added in version 0.7.2.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

property bfactors: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property bond

This AtomGroup represented as a MDAnalysis.core.topologyobjects.Bond object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 2

Added in version 0.11.0.

bsphere(wrap=False)

Return the bounding sphere of the selection.

The sphere is calculated relative to the center of geometry.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Returns:

R (float) – Radius of the bounding sphere.
center (numpy.ndarray) – Coordinates of the sphere center as [xcen, ycen, zcen].

Added in version 0.7.3.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center(weights, wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Weighted center of (compounds of) the group

Computes the weighted center of Atoms in the group. Weighted centers per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the weights of a compound sum up to zero, the coordinates of that compound’s weighted center will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

weights (array_like or None) – Weights to be used. Setting weights=None is equivalent to passing identical weights for all atoms of the group.
wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not 'group' the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default [False].
unwrap (bool, optional) –

If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their
centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the weighted center of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the weighted centers of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the weighted center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
ValueError – If both ‘wrap’ and ‘unwrap’ set to true.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the center of charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.center(sel.charges)
array([-0.22925091, -0.04771193, -0.16728489])

To find the centers of mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.center(sel.masses, compound='residues')
 array([[ 11.66462231,   8.39347267,  -8.98323059],
       [ 11.41483879,   5.43442154,  -6.51348448],
       [  8.95975494,   5.61292315,  -3.61323047],
       [  8.29006767,   3.07599092,  -0.79665166],
       [  5.01112604,   3.76389837,   1.130355  ],
       ...

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_charge(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of (absolute) charge of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \vert q_i \vert \boldsymbol r_i} {\sum_i \vert q_i \vert}\]

where \(q_i\) is the charge and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of charge per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the charges of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of charge of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic charges.

Added in version 2.2.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

center_of_geometry(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_mass(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of mass of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i m_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum m_i}\]

where \(m_i\) is the mass and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of mass per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the masses of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of mass of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic masses.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc parameter

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds; added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

centroid(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

property cmap

This AtomGroup represented as an MDAnalysis.core.topologyobjects.CMap object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 5

Added in version 1.0.0.

concatenate(other)

Concatenate with another Group or Component of the same level.

Duplicate entries and original order is preserved. It is synomymous to the + operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with elements of self and other concatenated
Return type:: Group

Example

The order of the original contents (including duplicates) are preserved when performing a concatenation.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 + ag2  # or ag1.concatenate(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['O', 'O', 'O'], dtype=object)
>>> ag3[-3:].names
array(['N', 'N', 'N'], dtype=object)

Added in version 0.16.0.

convert_to: alias of ConverterWrapper

copy(): Get another group identical to this one.

Added in version 0.19.0.

difference(other)

Elements from this Group that do not appear in another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. As such, it is different from subtract(). difference() is synomymous to the - operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

See also

subtract, symmetric_difference

Added in version 0.16.

property dihedral

This AtomGroup represented as a Dihedral object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 4

Added in version 0.11.0.

property dimensions: Obtain a copy of the dimensions of the currently loaded Timestep

dipole_moment(**kwargs)

Dipole moment of the group or compounds in a group.

\[\mu = |\boldsymbol{\mu}| = \sqrt{ \sum_{i=1}^{D} \mu^2 }\]

Where \(D\) is the number of dimensions, in this case 3.

Computes the dipole moment of Atoms in the group. Dipole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is a net charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment is dependent on the center chosen. See dipole_vector().

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

dipole_vector(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Dipole vector of the group.

\[\boldsymbol{\mu} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

Computes the dipole vector of Atoms in the group. Dipole vector per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that the magnitude of the dipole moment is independent of the center chosen unless the species has a net charge. In the case of a charged group the dipole moment can be later adjusted with:

\[\boldsymbol{\mu}_{COC} = \boldsymbol{\mu}_{COM} + q_{ag}\mathbf{r}_{COM} - q_{ag}\boldsymbol{r}_{COC}\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\) is the center of mass and \(\mathbf{r}_{COC}\) is the center of charge.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property forces

Forces on each Atom in the AtomGroup.

A numpy.ndarray with shape=(n_atoms, 3) and dtype=numpy.float32.

The forces can be changed by assigning an array of the appropriate shape, i.e. either (n_atoms, 3) to assign individual forces or (3,) to assign the same force to all Atoms (e.g. ag.forces = array([0,0,0]) will give all Atoms a zero force).

Raises:: NoDataError – If the Timestep does not contain forces.

property fragindices

The fragment indices of all Atoms in this AtomGroup.

A numpy.ndarray with shape=(n_atoms,) and dtype=numpy.int64.

Added in version 0.20.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property fragments

Read-only tuple of fragments.

Contains all fragments that any Atom in this AtomGroup is part of.

A fragment is a group of atoms which are interconnected by Bonds, i.e., there exists a path along one or more Bonds between any pair of Atoms within a fragment. Thus, a fragment typically corresponds to a molecule.

Note

The contents of the fragments may extend beyond the contents of this AtomGroup.

Added in version 0.9.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

groupby(topattrs)

Group together items in this group according to values of topattr

Parameters:: topattrs (str or list) – One or more topology attributes to group components by. Single arguments are passed as a string. Multiple arguments are passed as a list.
Returns:: Unique values of the multiple combinations of topology attributes as keys, Groups as values.
Return type:: dict

Example

To group atoms with the same mass together:

 >>> ag.groupby('masses')
 {32.06: <AtomGroup with 7 atoms>,
  1.008: <AtomGroup with 1685 atoms>,
  12.011: <AtomGroup with 1040 atoms>,
  14.007: <AtomGroup with 289 atoms>,
  15.999: <AtomGroup with 320 atoms>}

To group atoms with the same residue name and mass together:

 >>> group_dict = ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])
 >>> dict(sorted(group_dict.items()))
 {('ALA', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 95 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 12.011): <AtomGroup with 57 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 14.007): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 15.999): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ARG', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 169 atoms>,
  ...

>>> ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])['ALA', 15.999]
<AtomGroup with 19 atoms>

Added in version 0.16.0.

Changed in version 0.18.0: The function accepts multiple attributes

guess_bonds(vdwradii=None, fudge_factor=0.55, lower_bound=0.1)[source]

Guess bonds, angles, and dihedrals between the atoms in this AtomGroup and add them to the underlying universe.

Parameters:

vdwradii (dict, optional) – Dict relating atom types: vdw radii
fudge_factor (float, optional) – The factor by which atoms must overlap each other to be considered a bond. Larger values will increase the number of bonds found. [0.55]
lower_bound (float, optional) – The minimum bond length. All bonds found shorter than this length will be ignored. This is useful for parsing PDB with altloc records where atoms with altloc A and B may be very close together and there should be no chemical bond between them. [0.1]

See also

MDAnalysis.topology.guessers.guess_bonds(), MDAnalysis.topology.guessers.guess_angles(), MDAnalysis.topology.guessers.guess_dihedrals()

Added in version 0.10.0.

Changed in version 0.20.2: Now applies periodic boundary conditions when guessing bonds.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Corrected misleading docs, and now allows passing of fudge_factor and lower_bound arguments.

gyration_moments(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moments of the gyration tensor.

The moments are defined as the eigenvalues of the gyration tensor.

\[\mathsf{T} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} (\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM}\) is the center of mass.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Returns:

principle_moments_of_gyration – Gyration vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(Å^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single vector of length 3. Otherwise, the output will be a 2D array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.5.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property improper

This AtomGroup represented as an MDAnalysis.core.topologyobjects.ImproperDihedral object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 4

Added in version 0.11.0.

intersection(other)

Group of elements which are in both this Group and another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. It is synomymous to the & operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the common elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

Intersections can be used when the select atoms string would become too complicated. For example to find the water atoms which are within 4.0A of two segments:

>>> shell1 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 1')
>>> shell2 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 2')
>>> common = shell1 & shell2  # or shell1.intersection(shell2)

See also

union

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_subset(other)

If this Group is a subset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_superset(other)

If this Group is a superset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict superset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

isdisjoint(other)

If the Group has no elements in common with the other Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if the two Groups do not have common elements
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issubset(other)

If all elements of this Group are part of another Group

Note that an empty group is a subset of any group of the same level.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issuperset(other)

If all elements of another Group are part of this Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

property isunique

Boolean indicating whether all components of the group are unique, i.e., the group contains no duplicates.

Examples

>>> ag = u.atoms[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag
<AtomGroup with 6 atoms>
>>> ag.isunique
False
>>> ag2 = ag.unique
>>> ag2
<AtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> ag2.isunique
True

See also

asunique

Added in version 0.19.0.

property ix

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

If this Group is an AtomGroup, these are the indices of the Atom instances.
If it is a ResidueGroup, these are the indices of the Residue instances.
If it is a SegmentGroup, these are the indices of the Segment instances.

property ix_array

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

For a Group, ix_array is the same as ix. This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

moment_of_inertia(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moment of inertia tensor relative to center of mass.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers and tensor of inertia.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional compound determines the behavior of wrap. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

moment_of_inertia – Moment of inertia tensor as a 3 x 3 numpy array.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

The moment of inertia tensor \(\mathsf{I}\) is calculated for a group of \(N\) atoms with coordinates \(\mathbf{r}_i,\ 1 \le i \le N\) relative to its center of mass from the relative coordinates

\[\mathbf{r}'_i = \mathbf{r}_i - \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i} \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \mathbf{r}_i\]

as

\[\mathsf{I} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \Big[(\mathbf{r}'_i\cdot\mathbf{r}'_i) \sum_{\alpha=1}^{3} \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha \otimes \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha - \mathbf{r}'_i \otimes \mathbf{r}'_i\Big]\]

where \(\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha\) are Cartesian unit vectors, or in Cartesian coordinates

\[I_{\alpha,\beta} = \sum_{k=1}^{N} m_k \Big(\big(\sum_{\gamma=1}^3 (x'^{(k)}_{\gamma})^2 \big)\delta_{\alpha,\beta} - x'^{(k)}_{\alpha} x'^{(k)}_{\beta} \Big).\]

where \(x'^{(k)}_{\alpha}\) are the Cartesian coordinates of the relative coordinates \(\mathbf{r}'_k\).

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property n_atoms

Number of atoms in the AtomGroup.

Equivalent to len(self).

property n_fragments: The number of unique fragments the Atoms of this AtomGroup are part of.

Added in version 0.20.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property n_residues

Number of unique Residues present in the AtomGroup.

Equivalent to len(self.residues).

property n_segments

Number of unique segments present in the AtomGroup.

Equivalent to len(self.segments).

pack_into_box(box=None, inplace=True)

Shift all Atoms in this group to the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

box (array_like) – Box dimensions, can be either orthogonal or triclinic information. Cell dimensions must be in an identical to format to those returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions, [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses these timestep dimensions.
inplace (bool) – True to change coordinates in place.

Returns:

coords – Shifted atom coordinates.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

All atoms will be moved so that they lie between 0 and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions, i.e. the lower left corner of the simulation box is taken to be at (0,0,0):

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\]

The default is to take unit cell information from the underlying Timestep instance. The optional argument box can be used to provide alternative unit cell information (in the MDAnalysis standard format [Lx, Ly, Lz, alpha, beta, gamma]).

Works with either orthogonal or triclinic box types.

Note

pack_into_box() is identical to wrap() with all default keywords.

Note

AtomGroup.pack_into_box() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.pack_into_box() or SegmentGroup.pack_into_box().

Added in version 0.8.

property positions

Coordinates of the Atoms in the AtomGroup.

A numpy.ndarray with shape=(n_atoms, 3) and dtype=numpy.float32.

The positions can be changed by assigning an array of the appropriate shape, i.e., either (n_atoms, 3) to assign individual coordinates, or (3,) to assign the same coordinate to all Atoms (e.g., ag.positions = array([0,0,0]) will move all Atoms to the origin).

Note

Changing positions is not reflected in any files; reading any frame from the trajectory will replace the change with that from the file except if the trajectory is held in memory, e.g., when the transfer_to_memory() method was used.

Raises:: NoDataError – If the underlying Timestep does not contain positions.

principal_axes(wrap=False)

Calculate the principal axes from the moment of inertia.

e1,e2,e3 = AtomGroup.principal_axes()

The eigenvectors are sorted by eigenvalue, i.e. the first one corresponds to the highest eigenvalue and is thus the first principal axes.

The eigenvectors form a right-handed coordinate system.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: axis_vectors – 3 x 3 array with v[0] as first, v[1] as second, and v[2] as third eigenvector.
Return type:: array

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Always return principal axes in right-hand convention.

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_moment(**kwargs)

Quadrupole moment of the group according to [1].

\[Q = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}:{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}}\]

where the quadrupole moment is calculated from the tensor double contraction of the traceless quadropole tensor \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\)

Computes the quadrupole moment of Atoms in the group. Quadrupole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole moment is dependant on the center chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_tensor(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Traceless quadrupole tensor of the group or compounds.

This tensor is first computed as the outer product of vectors from a reference point to some atom, and multiplied by the atomic charge. The tensor of each atom is then summed to produce the quadrupole tensor of the group:

\[\mathsf{Q} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} ) \otimes ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

The traceless quadrupole tensor, \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\), is then taken from:

\[\hat{\mathsf{Q}} = \frac{3}{2} \mathsf{Q} - \frac{1}{2} tr(\mathsf{Q})\]

Computes the quadrupole tensor of Atoms in the group. Tensor per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole tensor is dependent on the center (e.g., \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\)) chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole tensor(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single tensor of shape (3,3). Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

radius_of_gyration(wrap=False, **kwargs)

Radius of gyration.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property residues: A sorted ResidueGroup of the unique Residues present in the AtomGroup.

rotate(R, point=(0, 0, 0))

Apply a rotation matrix R to the selection’s coordinates. \(\mathsf{R}\) is a 3x3 orthogonal matrix that transforms a vector \(\mathbf{x} \rightarrow \mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x}\]

Atom coordinates are rotated in-place.

Parameters:

R (array_like) – 3x3 rotation matrix
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation

Return type:

self

Notes

By default, rotates about the origin point=(0, 0, 0). To rotate a group g around its center of geometry, use g.rotate(R, point=g.center_of_geometry()).

See also

rotateby: rotate around given axis and angle
MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

rotateby(angle, axis, point=None)

Apply a rotation to the selection’s coordinates.

Parameters:

angle (float) – Rotation angle in degrees.
axis (array_like) – Rotation axis vector.
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation. If None then the center of geometry of this group is used.

Return type:

self

Notes

The transformation from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\) is

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\,(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{p}) + \mathbf{p}\]

where \(\mathsf{R}\) is the rotation by angle around the axis going through point \(\mathbf{p}\).

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations.rotation_matrix

calculate: math:mathsf{R}

property segments: A sorted SegmentGroup of the unique segments present in the AtomGroup.

select_atoms(sel, *othersel, periodic=True, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-08, updating=False, sorted=True, rdkit_kwargs=None, smarts_kwargs=None, **selgroups)[source]

Select atoms from within this Group using a selection string.

Returns an AtomGroup sorted according to their index in the topology (this is to ensure that there are no duplicates, which can happen with complicated selections).

Parameters:

sel (str) – string of the selection, eg “name Ca”, see below for possibilities.
othersel (iterable of str) – further selections to perform. The results of these selections will be appended onto the results of the first.
periodic (bool (optional)) – for geometric selections, whether to account for atoms in different periodic images when searching
atol (float, optional) – The absolute tolerance parameter for float comparisons. Passed to :func:numpy.isclose.
rtol (float, optional) – The relative tolerance parameter for float comparisons. Passed to :func:numpy.isclose.
updating (bool (optional)) – force the selection to be re evaluated each time the Timestep of the trajectory is changed. See section on Dynamic selections below. [True]
sorted (bool, optional) – Whether to sort the output AtomGroup by index.
rdkit_kwargs (dict (optional)) – Arguments passed to the RDKitConverter when using selection based on SMARTS queries
smarts_kwargs (dict (optional)) – Arguments passed internally to RDKit’s GetSubstructMatches.
**selgroups (keyword arguments of str: AtomGroup (optional)) – when using the “group” keyword in selections, groups are defined by passing them as keyword arguments. See section on preexisting selections below.

Raises:

TypeError – If the arbitrary groups passed are not of type MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup

Examples

All simple selection listed below support multiple arguments which are implicitly combined with an or operator. For example

>>> sel = universe.select_atoms('resname MET GLY')
>>> sel
<AtomGroup with 245 atoms>

is equivalent to

>>> sel = universe.select_atoms('resname MET or resname GLY')
>>> sel
<AtomGroup with 245 atoms>

Will select all atoms with a residue name of either MET or GLY.

Subselections can be grouped with parentheses.

>>> sel = universe.select_atoms("segid 4AKE and not ( name H* O* )")
>>> sel
<AtomGroup with 1336 atoms>

Existing AtomGroup objects can be passed as named arguments, which will then be available to the selection parser.

>>> universe.select_atoms("around 10 group notHO", notHO=sel)
<AtomGroup with 2005 atoms>

Selections can be set to update automatically on frame change, by setting the updating keyword argument to True. This will return a UpdatingAtomGroup which can represent the solvation shell around another object.

 >>> universe.select_atoms("resname SOL and around 2.0 protein",
 ...       updating=True)
 <AtomGroup with 454 atoms, with selection
 'resname SOL and around 2.0 protein' on the entire Universe.>

Notes

If exact ordering of atoms is required (for instance, for angle() or dihedral() calculations) then one supplies selections separately in the required order. Also, when multiple AtomGroup instances are concatenated with the + operator, then the order of Atom instances is preserved and duplicates are not removed.

See also

Selection commands

Selection syntax

The selection parser understands the following CASE SENSITIVE keywords:

Simple selections

protein, backbone, nucleic, nucleicbackbone
selects all atoms that belong to a standard set of residues; a protein is identfied by a hard-coded set of residue names so it may not work for esoteric residues.

segid seg-name
select by segid (as given in the topology), e.g. segid 4AKE or segid DMPC

resid residue-number-range
resid can take a single residue number or a range of numbers. A range consists of two numbers separated by a colon (inclusive) such as resid 1:5. A residue number (“resid”) is taken directly from the topology. If icodes are present in the topology, then these will be taken into account. Ie ‘resid 163B’ will only select resid 163 with icode B while ‘resid 163’ will select only residue 163. Range selections will also respect icodes, so ‘resid 162-163B’ will select all residues in 162 and those in 163 up to icode B.

resnum resnum-number-range
resnum is the canonical residue number; typically it is set to the residue id in the original PDB structure.

resname residue-name
select by residue name, e.g. resname LYS

name atom-name
select by atom name (as given in the topology). Often, this is force field dependent. Example: name CA (for Cα atoms) or name OW (for SPC water oxygen)

type atom-type
select by atom type; this is either a string or a number and depends on the force field; it is read from the topology file (e.g. the CHARMM PSF file contains numeric atom types). It has non-sensical values when a PDB or GRO file is used as a topology

atom seg-name residue-number atom-name
a selector for a single atom consisting of segid resid atomname, e.g. DMPC 1 C2 selects the C2 carbon of the first residue of the DMPC segment

altloc alternative-location
a selection for atoms where alternative locations are available, which is often the case with high-resolution crystal structures e.g. resid 4 and resname ALA and altloc B selects only the atoms of ALA-4 that have an altloc B record.

moltype molecule-type
select by molecule type, e.g. moltype Protein_A. At the moment, only the TPR format defines the molecule type.

record_type record_type
for selecting either ATOM or HETATM from PDB-like files. e.g. select_atoms('name CA and not record_type HETATM')

smarts SMARTS-query
select atoms using Daylight’s SMARTS queries, e.g. smarts [#7;R] to find nitrogen atoms in rings. Requires RDKit. All matches are combined as a single unique match. The smarts selection accepts two sets of key word arguments from select_atoms(): the rdkit_kwargs are passed internally to RDKitConverter.convert() and the smarts_kwargs are passed to RDKit’s GetSubstructMatches. By default, the useChirality kwarg in rdkit_kwargs is set to true and maxMatches in smarts_kwargs is max(1000, 10 * n_atoms), where n_atoms is either len(AtomGroup) or len(Universe.atoms), whichever is applicable. Note that the number of matches can occasionally exceed the default value of maxMatches, causing too few atoms to be returned. If this occurs, a warning will be issued. The problem can be fixed by increasing the value of maxMatches. This behavior may be updated in the future.
>>> universe.select_atoms("smarts C", smarts_kwargs={"maxMatches": 100})
<AtomGroup with 100 atoms>
chiral R | S
select a particular stereocenter. e.g. name C and chirality S to select only S-chiral carbon atoms. Only R and S will be possible options but other values will not raise an error.

formalcharge formal-charge
select atoms based on their formal charge, e.g. name O and formalcharge -1 to select all oxygens with a negative 1 formal charge.

Boolean

not
all atoms not in the selection, e.g. not protein selects all atoms that aren’t part of a protein

and, or
combine two selections according to the rules of boolean algebra, e.g. protein and not resname ALA LYS selects all atoms that belong to a protein, but are not in a lysine or alanine residue

Geometric

around distance selection
selects all atoms a certain cutoff away from another selection, e.g. around 3.5 protein selects all atoms not belonging to protein that are within 3.5 Angstroms from the protein

point x y z distance
selects all atoms within a cutoff of a point in space, make sure coordinate is separated by spaces, e.g. point 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.5 selects all atoms within 3.5 Angstroms of the coordinate (5.0, 5.0, 5.0)

prop [abs] property operator value
selects atoms based on position, using property x, y, or z coordinate. Supports the abs keyword (for absolute value) and the following operators: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=. For example, prop z >= 5.0 selects all atoms with z coordinate greater than 5.0; prop abs z <= 5.0 selects all atoms within -5.0 <= z <= 5.0.

sphzone radius selection
Selects all atoms that are within radius of the center of geometry of selection

sphlayer inner radius outer radius selection
Similar to sphzone, but also excludes atoms that are within inner radius of the selection COG

isolayer inner radius outer radius selection
Similar to sphlayer, but will find layer around all reference layer, creating an iso-surface.

cyzone externalRadius zMax zMin selection
selects all atoms within a cylindric zone centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g. cyzone 15 4 -8 protein and resid 42 selects the center of geometry of protein and resid 42, and creates a cylinder of external radius 15 centered on the COG. In z, the cylinder extends from 4 above the COG to 8 below. Positive values for zMin, or negative ones for zMax, are allowed.

cylayer innerRadius externalRadius zMax zMin selection
selects all atoms within a cylindric layer centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g. cylayer 5 10 10 -8 protein selects the center of geometry of protein, and creates a cylindrical layer of inner radius 5, external radius 10 centered on the COG. In z, the cylinder extends from 10 above the COG to 8 below. Positive values for zMin, or negative ones for zMax, are allowed.

Connectivity

byres selection
selects all atoms that are in the same segment and residue as selection, e.g. specify the subselection after the byres keyword

bonded selection
selects all atoms that are bonded to selection eg: select name H and bonded name O selects only hydrogens bonded to oxygens

Index

bynum index-range
selects all atoms within a range of (1-based) inclusive indices, e.g. bynum 1 selects the first atom in the universe; bynum 5:10 selects atoms 5 through 10 inclusive. All atoms in the Universe are consecutively numbered, and the index runs from 1 up to the total number of atoms.

index index-range
selects all atoms within a range of (0-based) inclusive indices, e.g. index 0 selects the first atom in the universe; index 5:10 selects atoms 6 through 11 inclusive. All atoms in the Universe are consecutively numbered, and the index runs from 0 up to the total number of atoms - 1.

Preexisting selections

group group-name
selects the atoms in the AtomGroup passed to the function as a keyword argument named group-name. Only the atoms common to group-name and the instance select_atoms() was called from will be considered, unless group is preceded by the global keyword. group-name will be included in the parsing just by comparison of atom indices. This means that it is up to the user to make sure the group-name group was defined in an appropriate Universe.

global selection
by default, when issuing select_atoms() from an AtomGroup, selections and subselections are returned intersected with the atoms of that instance. Prefixing a selection term with global causes its selection to be returned in its entirety. As an example, the global keyword allows for lipids.select_atoms("around 10 global protein") — where lipids is a group that does not contain any proteins. Were global absent, the result would be an empty selection since the protein subselection would itself be empty. When issuing select_atoms() from a Universe, global is ignored.

Dynamic selections: If select_atoms() is invoked with named argument updating set to True, an UpdatingAtomGroup instance will be returned, instead of a regular AtomGroup. It behaves just like the latter, with the difference that the selection expressions are re-evaluated every time the trajectory frame changes (this happens lazily, only when the UpdatingAtomGroup is accessed so that there is no redundant updating going on). Issuing an updating selection from an already updating group will cause later updates to also reflect the updating of the base group. A non-updating selection or a slicing operation made on an UpdatingAtomGroup will return a static AtomGroup, which will no longer update across frames.

Changed in version 0.7.4: Added resnum selection.

Changed in version 0.8.1: Added group and fullgroup selections.

Changed in version 0.13.0: Added bonded selection.

Changed in version 0.16.0: Resid selection now takes icodes into account where present.

Changed in version 0.16.0: Updating selections now possible by setting the updating argument.

Changed in version 0.17.0: Added moltype and molnum selections.

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added strict type checking for passed groups. Added periodic kwarg (default True)

Changed in version 0.19.2: Empty sel string now returns an empty Atom group.

Changed in version 1.0.0: The fullgroup selection has now been removed in favor of the equivalent global group selection. Removed flags affecting default behaviour for periodic selections; periodic are now on by default (as with default flags)

Changed in version 2.0.0: Added the smarts selection. Added atol and rtol keywords to select float values. Added the sort keyword. Added rdkit_kwargs to pass parameters to the RDKitConverter.

Changed in version 2.2.0: Added smarts_kwargs to pass parameters to the RDKit GetSubstructMatch for smarts selection.

shape_parameter(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Shape parameter.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0. Superfluous kwargs were removed.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

sort(key='ix', keyfunc=None)[source]

Returns a sorted AtomGroup using a specified attribute as the key.

Parameters:

key (str, optional) – The name of the AtomGroup attribute to sort by (e.g. ids, ix. default= ix ).
keyfunc (callable, optional) – A function to convert multidimensional arrays to a single dimension. This 1D array will be used as the sort key and is required when sorting with an AtomGroup attribute key which has multiple dimensions. Note: this argument is ignored when the attribute is one dimensional.

Returns:

Sorted AtomGroup.

Return type:

AtomGroup

Example

>>> import MDAnalysis as mda
>>> from MDAnalysisTests.datafiles import PDB_small
>>> u = mda.Universe(PDB_small)
>>> ag = u.atoms[[3, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag.ix
array([3, 2, 1, 0])
>>> ag = ag.sort()
>>> ag.ix
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> ag.positions
array([[-11.921,  26.307,  10.41 ],
       [-11.447,  26.741,   9.595],
       [-12.44 ,  27.042,  10.926],
       [-12.632,  25.619,  10.046]], dtype=float32)
>>> ag = ag.sort("positions", lambda x: x[:, 1])
>>> ag.positions
array([[-12.632,  25.619,  10.046],
       [-11.921,  26.307,  10.41 ],
       [-11.447,  26.741,   9.595],
       [-12.44 ,  27.042,  10.926]], dtype=float32)

Note

This uses a stable sort as implemented by numpy.argsort(kind=’stable’).

Added in version 2.0.0.

split(level)[source]

Split AtomGroup into a list of AtomGroups by level.

Parameters:: level ({'atom', 'residue', 'molecule', 'segment'})

Added in version 0.9.0.

Changed in version 0.17.0: Added the ‘molecule’ level.

subtract(other)

Group with elements from this Group that don’t appear in other

The original order of this group is kept, as well as any duplicate elements. If an element of this Group is duplicated and appears in the other Group or Component, then all the occurences of that element are removed from the returned Group.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, conserves order and duplicates.
Return type:: Group

Example

Unlike difference() this method will not sort or remove duplicates.

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[2]
>>> ag3 = ag1.subtract(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices
array([3, 3, 1, 1])

See also

concatenate, difference

Added in version 0.16.

symmetric_difference(other)

Group of elements which are only in one of this Group or another

This method removes duplicate elements and the result is sorted. It is synomym to the ^ operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements that are in self or in other but not in both, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[0, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[[4, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5]]
>>> ag3 = ag1 ^ ag2  # or ag1.symmetric_difference(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices  # 0 and 1 are only in ag1, 4 and 6 are only in ag2
array([0, 1, 4, 6])

See also

difference

Added in version 0.16.

total_charge(compound='group')

Total charge of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total charge of Atoms in the group. Total charges per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If ‘group’, the total charge of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total charges per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the charges of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total charge of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

total_mass(compound='group')

Total mass of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total mass of Atoms in the group. Total masses per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the total mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total masses per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the masses of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total mass of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

transform(M)

Apply homogenous transformation matrix M to the coordinates.

Atom coordinates are rotated and translated in-place.

Parameters:: M (array_like) – 4x4 matrix with the rotation in R = M[:3, :3] and the translation in t = M[:3, 3].
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The rotation \(\mathsf{R}\) is about the origin and is applied before the translation \(\mathbf{t}\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

translate(t)

Apply translation vector t to the selection’s coordinates.

Atom coordinates are translated in-place.

Parameters:: t (array_like) – vector to translate coordinates with
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The method applies a translation to the AtomGroup from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

property ts

Temporary Timestep that contains the selection coordinates.

A Timestep instance, which can be passed to a trajectory writer.

If ts is modified then these modifications will be present until the frame number changes (which typically happens when the underlying trajectory frame changes).

It is not possible to assign a new Timestep to the AtomGroup.ts attribute; change attributes of the object.

union(other)

Group of elements either in this Group or another

On the contrary to concatenation, this method sort the elements and removes duplicate ones. It is synomymous to the | operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the combined elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

In contrast to concatenate(), any duplicates are dropped and the result is sorted.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 | ag2  # or ag1.union(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['N', 'O', 'N'], dtype=object)

See also

concatenate, intersection

Added in version 0.16.

property unique

An AtomGroup containing sorted and unique Atoms only.

Examples

>>> import MDAnalysis as mda
>>> from MDAnalysis.tests.datafiles import PSF, DCD
>>> u = mda.Universe(PSF, DCD)
>>> ag = u.atoms[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag
<AtomGroup with 6 atoms>
>>> ag.ix
array([2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0])
>>> ag2 = ag.unique
>>> ag2
<AtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> ag2.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> ag2.unique is ag2
False

See also

asunique, ,

: This function now always returns a copy.

property universe: The underlying Universe the group belongs to.

unwrap(compound='fragments', reference='com', inplace=True)

Move atoms of this group so that bonds within the group’s compounds aren’t split across periodic boundaries.

This function is most useful when atoms have been packed into the primary unit cell, causing breaks mid-molecule, with the molecule then appearing on either side of the unit cell. This is problematic for operations such as calculating the center of mass of the molecule.

+-----------+       +-----------+
|           |       |           |
| 6       3 |       |         3 | 6
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
|-5-8   1-2-|  ==>  |       1-2-|-5-8
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
| 7       4 |       |         4 | 7
|           |       |           |
+-----------+       +-----------+

Parameters:

compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to unwrap. Note that, in any case, all atoms within each compound must be interconnected by bonds, i.e., compounds must correspond to (parts of) molecules.
reference ({'com', 'cog', None}, optional) – If 'com' (center of mass) or 'cog' (center of geometry), the unwrapped compounds will be shifted so that their individual reference point lies within the primary unit cell. If None, no such shift is performed.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates are modified in place.

Returns:

coords – Unwrapped atom coordinate array of shape (n, 3).

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

NoDataError – If compound is 'molecules' but the underlying topology does not contain molecule information, or if reference is 'com' but the topology does not contain masses.
ValueError – If reference is not one of 'com', 'cog', or None, or if reference is 'com' and the total mass of any compound is zero.

Note

Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be unwrapped! If you want entire molecules to be unwrapped, make sure that all atoms of these molecules are part of the group. An AtomGroup containing all atoms of all fragments in the group ag can be created with:

all_frag_atoms = sum(ag.fragments)

See also

make_whole(), wrap(), pack_into_box(), apply_PBC()

Added in version 0.20.0.

property ureybradley

This AtomGroup represented as an MDAnalysis.core.topologyobjects.UreyBradley object

Raises:: ValueError – If the AtomGroup is not length 2

Added in version 1.0.0.

property velocities

Velocities of the Atoms in the AtomGroup.

A numpy.ndarray with shape=(n_atoms, 3) and dtype=numpy.float32.

The velocities can be changed by assigning an array of the appropriate shape, i.e. either (n_atoms, 3) to assign individual velocities or (3,) to assign the same velocity to all Atoms (e.g. ag.velocities = array([0,0,0]) will give all Atoms zero velocity).

Raises:: NoDataError – If the underlying Timestep does not contain velocities.

wrap(compound='atoms', center='com', box=None, inplace=True)

Shift the contents of this group back into the primary unit cell according to periodic boundary conditions.

Specifying a compound will keep the Atoms in each compound together during the process. If compound is different from 'atoms', each compound as a whole will be shifted so that its center lies within the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

compound ({'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to keep together during wrapping. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'com', 'cog'}) – How to define the center of a given group of atoms. If compound is 'atoms', this parameter is meaningless and therefore ignored.
box (array_like, optional) – The unitcell dimensions of the system, which can be orthogonal or triclinic and must be provided in the same format as returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions: [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses the dimensions of the current time step.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates will be changed in place.

Returns:

Array of wrapped atom coordinates of dtype np.float32 and shape (len(self.atoms.n_atoms), 3)

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds or if center is 'com' but the topology doesn’t contain masses.

Notes

All atoms of the group will be moved so that the centers of its compounds lie within the primary periodic image. For orthorhombic unit cells, the primary periodic image is defined as the half-open interval \([0,L_i)\) between \(0\) and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions \(i\in\{x,y,z\}\), i.e., the origin of the of the simulation box is taken to be at the origin \((0,0,0)\) of the euclidian coordinate system. A compound center residing at position \(x_i\) in dimension \(i\) will be shifted to \(x_i'\) according to

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\,.\]

When specifying a compound, the translation is calculated based on each compound. The same translation is applied to all atoms within this compound, meaning it will not be broken by the shift. This might however mean that not all atoms of a compound will be inside the unit cell after wrapping, but rather will be the center of the compound. Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account!

center allows to define how the center of each group is computed. This can be either 'com' for center of mass, or 'cog' for center of geometry.

box allows a unit cell to be given for the transformation. If not specified, the dimensions information from the current Timestep will be used.

Note

AtomGroup.wrap() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.wrap() or SegmentGroup.wrap().

Added in version 0.9.2.

Changed in version 0.20.0: The method only acts on atoms belonging to the group and returns the wrapped positions as a numpy.ndarray. Added optional argument inplace.

write(filename=None, file_format=None, filenamefmt='{trjname}_{frame}', frames=None, **kwargs)[source]

Write AtomGroup to a file.

The output can either be a coordinate file or a selection, depending on the format.

Examples

>>> ag = u.atoms
>>> ag.write('selection.ndx')  # Write a gromacs index file
>>> ag.write('coordinates.pdb')  # Write the current frame as PDB
>>> # Write the trajectory in XTC format
>>> ag.write('trajectory.xtc', frames='all')
>>> # Write every other frame of the trajectory in PBD format
>>> ag.write('trajectory.pdb', frames=u.trajectory[::2])

Parameters:

filename (str, optional) – None: create TRJNAME_FRAME.FORMAT from filenamefmt [None]
file_format (str, optional) – The name or extension of a coordinate, trajectory, or selection file format such as PDB, CRD, GRO, VMD (tcl), PyMol (pml), Gromacs (ndx) CHARMM (str) or Jmol (spt); case-insensitive [PDB]
filenamefmt (str, optional) – format string for default filename; use substitution tokens ‘trjname’ and ‘frame’ [“%(trjname)s_%(frame)d”]
bonds (str, optional) – how to handle bond information, especially relevant for PDBs. "conect": write only the CONECT records defined in the original file. "all": write out all bonds, both the original defined and those guessed by MDAnalysis. None: do not write out bonds. Default is "conect".
frames (array-like or slice or FrameIteratorBase or str, optional) – An ensemble of frames to write. The ensemble can be an list or array of frame indices, a mask of booleans, an instance of slice, or the value returned when a trajectory is indexed. By default, frames is set to None and only the current frame is written. If frames is set to “all”, then all the frame from trajectory are written.

Changed in version 0.9.0: Merged with write_selection. This method can now write both selections out.

Changed in version 0.19.0: Can write multiframe trajectories with the ‘frames’ argument.

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.ResidueGroup(*args, **kwargs)[source]

ResidueGroup base class.

This class is used by a Universe for generating its Topology-specific ResidueGroup class. All the TopologyAttr components are obtained from GroupBase, so this class only includes ad-hoc methods specific to ResidueGroups.

ResidueGroups can be compared and combined using group operators. See the list of these operators on GroupBase.

Deprecated since version 0.16.2: Instant selectors of Segments will be removed in the 1.0 release.

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed instant selectors, use select_atoms instead

Changed in version 2.1.0: Indexing an ResidueGroup with None raises a TypeError.

accumulate(attribute, function=<function sum>, compound='group')

Accumulates the attribute associated with (compounds of) the group.

Accumulates the attribute of Atoms in the group. The accumulation per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. By default, the method sums up all attributes per compound, but any function that takes an array and returns an acuumulation over a given axis can be used. For multi-dimensional input arrays, the accumulation is performed along the first axis.

Parameters:

attribute (str or array_like) – Attribute or array of values to accumulate. If a numpy.ndarray (or compatible) is provided, its first dimension must have the same length as the total number of atoms in the group.
function (callable, optional) – The function performing the accumulation. It must take the array of attribute values to accumulate as its only positional argument and accept an (optional) keyword argument axis allowing to specify the axis along which the accumulation is performed.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the accumulation of all attributes associated with atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the accumulation of the attributes per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

Acuumulation of the attribute. If compound is set to 'group', the first dimension of the attribute array will be contracted to a single value. If compound is set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the length of the first dimension will correspond to the number of compounds. In all cases, the other dimensions of the returned array will be of the original shape (without the first dimension).

Return type:

float or numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If the length of a provided attribute array does not correspond to the number of atoms in the group.
ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums), or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the total charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.accumulate('charges')
-251.68500316143036

To find the total mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.accumulate('masses', compound='residues')
 array([12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        ...

To find the maximum atomic charge per fragment of a given AtomGroup:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> sel.accumulate('charges', compound="fragments", function=np.max)
array([0.20999999])

Added in version 0.20.0.

align_principal_axis(axis, vector)

Align principal axis with index axis with vector.

Parameters:

axis ({0, 1, 2}) – Index of the principal axis (0, 1, or 2), as produced by principal_axes().
vector (array_like) – Vector to align principal axis with.

Notes

To align the long axis of a channel (the first principal axis, i.e. axis = 0) with the z-axis:

u.atoms.align_principal_axis(0, [0,0,1])
u.atoms.write("aligned.pdb")

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

asphericity(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Asphericity.

See [Dima2004b] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap and compound parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

asunique(sorted=False)[source]

Return a ResidueGroup containing unique Residues only, with optional sorting.

If the ResidueGroup is unique, this is the group itself.

Parameters:: sorted (bool (optional)) – Whether or not the returned ResidueGroup should be sorted by resindex.
Returns:: Unique ResidueGroup
Return type:: ResidueGroup

Examples

>>> rg = u.residues[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> rg
<ResidueGroup with 6 residues>
>>> rg.ix
array([2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0])
>>> rg2 = rg.asunique(sorted=True)
>>> rg2
<ResidueGroup with 3 residues>
>>> rg2.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> rg2.asunique() is rg2
True

Added in version 2.0.0.

property atoms

An AtomGroup of Atoms present in this ResidueGroup.

The Atoms are ordered locally by Residue in the ResidueGroup. Duplicates are not removed.

bbox(wrap=False)

Return the bounding box of the selection.

The lengths A,B,C of the orthorhombic enclosing box are

L = AtomGroup.bbox()
A,B,C = L[1] - L[0]

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all Atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: corners – 2x3 array giving corners of bounding box as [[xmin, ymin, zmin], [xmax, ymax, zmax]].
Return type:: numpy.ndarray

Added in version 0.7.2.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

property bfactors: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

bsphere(wrap=False)

Return the bounding sphere of the selection.

The sphere is calculated relative to the center of geometry.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Returns:

R (float) – Radius of the bounding sphere.
center (numpy.ndarray) – Coordinates of the sphere center as [xcen, ycen, zcen].

Added in version 0.7.3.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center(weights, wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Weighted center of (compounds of) the group

Computes the weighted center of Atoms in the group. Weighted centers per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the weights of a compound sum up to zero, the coordinates of that compound’s weighted center will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

weights (array_like or None) – Weights to be used. Setting weights=None is equivalent to passing identical weights for all atoms of the group.
wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not 'group' the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default [False].
unwrap (bool, optional) –

If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their
centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the weighted center of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the weighted centers of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the weighted center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
ValueError – If both ‘wrap’ and ‘unwrap’ set to true.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the center of charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.center(sel.charges)
array([-0.22925091, -0.04771193, -0.16728489])

To find the centers of mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.center(sel.masses, compound='residues')
 array([[ 11.66462231,   8.39347267,  -8.98323059],
       [ 11.41483879,   5.43442154,  -6.51348448],
       [  8.95975494,   5.61292315,  -3.61323047],
       [  8.29006767,   3.07599092,  -0.79665166],
       [  5.01112604,   3.76389837,   1.130355  ],
       ...

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_charge(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of (absolute) charge of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \vert q_i \vert \boldsymbol r_i} {\sum_i \vert q_i \vert}\]

where \(q_i\) is the charge and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of charge per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the charges of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of charge of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic charges.

Added in version 2.2.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

center_of_geometry(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_mass(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of mass of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i m_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum m_i}\]

where \(m_i\) is the mass and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of mass per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the masses of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of mass of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic masses.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc parameter

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds; added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

centroid(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

chi1_selections(n_name='N', ca_name='CA', cb_name='CB', cg_name='CG CG1 OG OG1 SG')

Select list of AtomGroups corresponding to the chi1 sidechain dihedral N-CA-CB-CG.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom
cb_name (str (optional)) – name for the beta-carbon atom
cg_name (str (optional)) – name for the gamma-carbon atom

Returns:

List of AtomGroups – 4-atom selections in the correct order. If no CB and/or CG is found then the corresponding item in the list is None.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

concatenate(other)

Concatenate with another Group or Component of the same level.

Duplicate entries and original order is preserved. It is synomymous to the + operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with elements of self and other concatenated
Return type:: Group

Example

The order of the original contents (including duplicates) are preserved when performing a concatenation.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 + ag2  # or ag1.concatenate(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['O', 'O', 'O'], dtype=object)
>>> ag3[-3:].names
array(['N', 'N', 'N'], dtype=object)

Added in version 0.16.0.

copy(): Get another group identical to this one.

Added in version 0.19.0.

difference(other)

Elements from this Group that do not appear in another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. As such, it is different from subtract(). difference() is synomymous to the - operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

See also

subtract, symmetric_difference

Added in version 0.16.

property dimensions: Obtain a copy of the dimensions of the currently loaded Timestep

dipole_moment(**kwargs)

Dipole moment of the group or compounds in a group.

\[\mu = |\boldsymbol{\mu}| = \sqrt{ \sum_{i=1}^{D} \mu^2 }\]

Where \(D\) is the number of dimensions, in this case 3.

Computes the dipole moment of Atoms in the group. Dipole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is a net charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment is dependent on the center chosen. See dipole_vector().

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

dipole_vector(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Dipole vector of the group.

\[\boldsymbol{\mu} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

Computes the dipole vector of Atoms in the group. Dipole vector per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that the magnitude of the dipole moment is independent of the center chosen unless the species has a net charge. In the case of a charged group the dipole moment can be later adjusted with:

\[\boldsymbol{\mu}_{COC} = \boldsymbol{\mu}_{COM} + q_{ag}\mathbf{r}_{COM} - q_{ag}\boldsymbol{r}_{COC}\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\) is the center of mass and \(\mathbf{r}_{COC}\) is the center of charge.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

groupby(topattrs)

Group together items in this group according to values of topattr

Parameters:: topattrs (str or list) – One or more topology attributes to group components by. Single arguments are passed as a string. Multiple arguments are passed as a list.
Returns:: Unique values of the multiple combinations of topology attributes as keys, Groups as values.
Return type:: dict

Example

To group atoms with the same mass together:

 >>> ag.groupby('masses')
 {32.06: <AtomGroup with 7 atoms>,
  1.008: <AtomGroup with 1685 atoms>,
  12.011: <AtomGroup with 1040 atoms>,
  14.007: <AtomGroup with 289 atoms>,
  15.999: <AtomGroup with 320 atoms>}

To group atoms with the same residue name and mass together:

 >>> group_dict = ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])
 >>> dict(sorted(group_dict.items()))
 {('ALA', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 95 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 12.011): <AtomGroup with 57 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 14.007): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 15.999): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ARG', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 169 atoms>,
  ...

>>> ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])['ALA', 15.999]
<AtomGroup with 19 atoms>

Added in version 0.16.0.

Changed in version 0.18.0: The function accepts multiple attributes

gyration_moments(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moments of the gyration tensor.

The moments are defined as the eigenvalues of the gyration tensor.

\[\mathsf{T} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} (\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM}\) is the center of mass.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Returns:

principle_moments_of_gyration – Gyration vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(Å^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single vector of length 3. Otherwise, the output will be a 2D array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.5.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

intersection(other)

Group of elements which are in both this Group and another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. It is synomymous to the & operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the common elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

Intersections can be used when the select atoms string would become too complicated. For example to find the water atoms which are within 4.0A of two segments:

>>> shell1 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 1')
>>> shell2 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 2')
>>> common = shell1 & shell2  # or shell1.intersection(shell2)

See also

union

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_subset(other)

If this Group is a subset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_superset(other)

If this Group is a superset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict superset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

isdisjoint(other)

If the Group has no elements in common with the other Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if the two Groups do not have common elements
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issubset(other)

If all elements of this Group are part of another Group

Note that an empty group is a subset of any group of the same level.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issuperset(other)

If all elements of another Group are part of this Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

property isunique

Boolean indicating whether all components of the group are unique, i.e., the group contains no duplicates.

Examples

>>> ag = u.atoms[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag
<AtomGroup with 6 atoms>
>>> ag.isunique
False
>>> ag2 = ag.unique
>>> ag2
<AtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> ag2.isunique
True

See also

asunique

Added in version 0.19.0.

property ix

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

If this Group is an AtomGroup, these are the indices of the Atom instances.
If it is a ResidueGroup, these are the indices of the Residue instances.
If it is a SegmentGroup, these are the indices of the Segment instances.

property ix_array

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

For a Group, ix_array is the same as ix. This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

moment_of_inertia(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moment of inertia tensor relative to center of mass.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers and tensor of inertia.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional compound determines the behavior of wrap. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

moment_of_inertia – Moment of inertia tensor as a 3 x 3 numpy array.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

The moment of inertia tensor \(\mathsf{I}\) is calculated for a group of \(N\) atoms with coordinates \(\mathbf{r}_i,\ 1 \le i \le N\) relative to its center of mass from the relative coordinates

\[\mathbf{r}'_i = \mathbf{r}_i - \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i} \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \mathbf{r}_i\]

as

\[\mathsf{I} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \Big[(\mathbf{r}'_i\cdot\mathbf{r}'_i) \sum_{\alpha=1}^{3} \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha \otimes \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha - \mathbf{r}'_i \otimes \mathbf{r}'_i\Big]\]

where \(\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha\) are Cartesian unit vectors, or in Cartesian coordinates

\[I_{\alpha,\beta} = \sum_{k=1}^{N} m_k \Big(\big(\sum_{\gamma=1}^3 (x'^{(k)}_{\gamma})^2 \big)\delta_{\alpha,\beta} - x'^{(k)}_{\alpha} x'^{(k)}_{\beta} \Big).\]

where \(x'^{(k)}_{\alpha}\) are the Cartesian coordinates of the relative coordinates \(\mathbf{r}'_k\).

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property n_atoms

Number of Atoms present in this ResidueGroup, including duplicate residues (and thus, duplicate atoms).

Equivalent to len(self.atoms).

property n_residues

Number of residues in the ResidueGroup.

Equivalent to len(self).

property n_segments

Number of unique segments present in the ResidueGroup.

Equivalent to len(self.segments).

omega_selections(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select list of AtomGroups corresponding to the omega protein backbone dihedral CA-C-N’-CA’.

omega describes the -C-N- peptide bond. Typically, it is trans (180 degrees) although cis-bonds (0 degrees) are also occasionally observed (especially near Proline).

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

List of AtomGroups – 4-atom selections in the correct order. If no C’ found in the previous residue (by resid) then the corresponding item in the list is None.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

pack_into_box(box=None, inplace=True)

Shift all Atoms in this group to the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

box (array_like) – Box dimensions, can be either orthogonal or triclinic information. Cell dimensions must be in an identical to format to those returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions, [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses these timestep dimensions.
inplace (bool) – True to change coordinates in place.

Returns:

coords – Shifted atom coordinates.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

All atoms will be moved so that they lie between 0 and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions, i.e. the lower left corner of the simulation box is taken to be at (0,0,0):

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\]

The default is to take unit cell information from the underlying Timestep instance. The optional argument box can be used to provide alternative unit cell information (in the MDAnalysis standard format [Lx, Ly, Lz, alpha, beta, gamma]).

Works with either orthogonal or triclinic box types.

Note

pack_into_box() is identical to wrap() with all default keywords.

Note

AtomGroup.pack_into_box() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.pack_into_box() or SegmentGroup.pack_into_box().

Added in version 0.8.

phi_selections(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select list of AtomGroups corresponding to the phi protein backbone dihedral C’-N-CA-C.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

list of AtomGroups – 4-atom selections in the correct order. If no C’ found in the previous residue (by resid) then corresponding item in the list is None.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

principal_axes(wrap=False)

Calculate the principal axes from the moment of inertia.

e1,e2,e3 = AtomGroup.principal_axes()

The eigenvectors are sorted by eigenvalue, i.e. the first one corresponds to the highest eigenvalue and is thus the first principal axes.

The eigenvectors form a right-handed coordinate system.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: axis_vectors – 3 x 3 array with v[0] as first, v[1] as second, and v[2] as third eigenvector.
Return type:: array

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Always return principal axes in right-hand convention.

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

psi_selections(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select list of AtomGroups corresponding to the psi protein backbone dihedral N-CA-C-N’.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

List of AtomGroups – 4-atom selections in the correct order. If no N’ found in the following residue (by resid) then the corresponding item in the list is None.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_moment(**kwargs)

Quadrupole moment of the group according to [1].

\[Q = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}:{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}}\]

where the quadrupole moment is calculated from the tensor double contraction of the traceless quadropole tensor \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\)

Computes the quadrupole moment of Atoms in the group. Quadrupole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole moment is dependant on the center chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_tensor(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Traceless quadrupole tensor of the group or compounds.

This tensor is first computed as the outer product of vectors from a reference point to some atom, and multiplied by the atomic charge. The tensor of each atom is then summed to produce the quadrupole tensor of the group:

\[\mathsf{Q} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} ) \otimes ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

The traceless quadrupole tensor, \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\), is then taken from:

\[\hat{\mathsf{Q}} = \frac{3}{2} \mathsf{Q} - \frac{1}{2} tr(\mathsf{Q})\]

Computes the quadrupole tensor of Atoms in the group. Tensor per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole tensor is dependent on the center (e.g., \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\)) chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole tensor(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single tensor of shape (3,3). Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

radius_of_gyration(wrap=False, **kwargs)

Radius of gyration.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property residues

The ResidueGroup itself.

See also

copy: return a true copy of the ResidueGroup

Changed in version 0.19.0: In previous versions, this returned a copy, but now the ResidueGroup itself is returned. This should not affect any code but only speed up calculations.

rotate(R, point=(0, 0, 0))

Apply a rotation matrix R to the selection’s coordinates. \(\mathsf{R}\) is a 3x3 orthogonal matrix that transforms a vector \(\mathbf{x} \rightarrow \mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x}\]

Atom coordinates are rotated in-place.

Parameters:

R (array_like) – 3x3 rotation matrix
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation

Return type:

self

Notes

By default, rotates about the origin point=(0, 0, 0). To rotate a group g around its center of geometry, use g.rotate(R, point=g.center_of_geometry()).

See also

rotateby: rotate around given axis and angle
MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

rotateby(angle, axis, point=None)

Apply a rotation to the selection’s coordinates.

Parameters:

angle (float) – Rotation angle in degrees.
axis (array_like) – Rotation axis vector.
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation. If None then the center of geometry of this group is used.

Return type:

self

Notes

The transformation from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\) is

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\,(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{p}) + \mathbf{p}\]

where \(\mathsf{R}\) is the rotation by angle around the axis going through point \(\mathbf{p}\).

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations.rotation_matrix

calculate: math:mathsf{R}

property segments: Get sorted SegmentGroup of the unique segments present in the ResidueGroup.

sequence(**kwargs)

Returns the amino acid sequence.

The format of the sequence is selected with the keyword format:

format	description
‘SeqRecord’	`Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord` (default)
‘Seq’	`Bio.Seq.Seq`
‘string’	string

The sequence is returned by default (keyword format = 'SeqRecord') as a Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord instance, which can then be further processed. In this case, all keyword arguments (such as the id string or the name or the description) are directly passed to Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord.

If the keyword format is set to 'Seq', all kwargs are ignored and a Bio.Seq.Seq instance is returned. The difference to the record is that the record also contains metadata and can be directly used as an input for other functions in Bio.

If the keyword format is set to 'string', all kwargs are ignored and a Python string is returned.

Example: Write FASTA file

Use Bio.SeqIO.write(), which takes sequence records:

import Bio.SeqIO

# get the sequence record of a protein component of a Universe
protein = u.select_atoms("protein")
record = protein.sequence(id="myseq1", name="myprotein")

Bio.SeqIO.write(record, "single.fasta", "fasta")

A FASTA file with multiple entries can be written with

Bio.SeqIO.write([record1, record2, ...], "multi.fasta", "fasta")

Parameters:

format (string, optional) –
- "string": return sequence as a string of 1-letter codes
- "Seq": return a Bio.Seq.Seq instance
- "SeqRecord": return a Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord instance
Default is "SeqRecord"
id (optional) – Sequence ID for SeqRecord (should be different for different sequences)
name (optional) – Name of the protein.
description (optional) – Short description of the sequence.
kwargs (optional) – Any other keyword arguments that are understood by class:Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord.

Raises:

ValueError –
1-letter IUPAC protein amino acid code; make sure to only –
select protein residues. –
TypeError –
ImportError –

Added in version 0.9.0.

Changed in version 2.7.0: Biopython is now an optional dependency

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have resnames. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

shape_parameter(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Shape parameter.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0. Superfluous kwargs were removed.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

subtract(other)

Group with elements from this Group that don’t appear in other

The original order of this group is kept, as well as any duplicate elements. If an element of this Group is duplicated and appears in the other Group or Component, then all the occurences of that element are removed from the returned Group.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, conserves order and duplicates.
Return type:: Group

Example

Unlike difference() this method will not sort or remove duplicates.

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[2]
>>> ag3 = ag1.subtract(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices
array([3, 3, 1, 1])

See also

concatenate, difference

Added in version 0.16.

symmetric_difference(other)

Group of elements which are only in one of this Group or another

This method removes duplicate elements and the result is sorted. It is synomym to the ^ operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements that are in self or in other but not in both, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[0, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[[4, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5]]
>>> ag3 = ag1 ^ ag2  # or ag1.symmetric_difference(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices  # 0 and 1 are only in ag1, 4 and 6 are only in ag2
array([0, 1, 4, 6])

See also

difference

Added in version 0.16.

total_charge(compound='group')

Total charge of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total charge of Atoms in the group. Total charges per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If ‘group’, the total charge of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total charges per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the charges of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total charge of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

total_mass(compound='group')

Total mass of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total mass of Atoms in the group. Total masses per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the total mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total masses per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the masses of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total mass of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

transform(M)

Apply homogenous transformation matrix M to the coordinates.

Atom coordinates are rotated and translated in-place.

Parameters:: M (array_like) – 4x4 matrix with the rotation in R = M[:3, :3] and the translation in t = M[:3, 3].
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The rotation \(\mathsf{R}\) is about the origin and is applied before the translation \(\mathbf{t}\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

translate(t)

Apply translation vector t to the selection’s coordinates.

Atom coordinates are translated in-place.

Parameters:: t (array_like) – vector to translate coordinates with
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The method applies a translation to the AtomGroup from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

union(other)

Group of elements either in this Group or another

On the contrary to concatenation, this method sort the elements and removes duplicate ones. It is synomymous to the | operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the combined elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

In contrast to concatenate(), any duplicates are dropped and the result is sorted.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 | ag2  # or ag1.union(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['N', 'O', 'N'], dtype=object)

See also

concatenate, intersection

Added in version 0.16.

property unique

Return a ResidueGroup containing sorted and unique Residues only.

Examples

>>> rg = u.residues[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> rg
<ResidueGroup with 6 residues>
>>> rg.ix
array([2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0])
>>> rg2 = rg.unique
>>> rg2
<ResidueGroup with 3 residues>
>>> rg2.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> rg2.unique is rg2
False

Added in version 0.16.0.

Changed in version 0.19.0: If the ResidueGroup is already unique, ResidueGroup.unique now returns the group itself instead of a copy.

Changed in version 2.0.0: This function now always returns a copy.

property universe: The underlying Universe the group belongs to.

unwrap(compound='fragments', reference='com', inplace=True)

Move atoms of this group so that bonds within the group’s compounds aren’t split across periodic boundaries.

This function is most useful when atoms have been packed into the primary unit cell, causing breaks mid-molecule, with the molecule then appearing on either side of the unit cell. This is problematic for operations such as calculating the center of mass of the molecule.

+-----------+       +-----------+
|           |       |           |
| 6       3 |       |         3 | 6
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
|-5-8   1-2-|  ==>  |       1-2-|-5-8
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
| 7       4 |       |         4 | 7
|           |       |           |
+-----------+       +-----------+

Parameters:

compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to unwrap. Note that, in any case, all atoms within each compound must be interconnected by bonds, i.e., compounds must correspond to (parts of) molecules.
reference ({'com', 'cog', None}, optional) – If 'com' (center of mass) or 'cog' (center of geometry), the unwrapped compounds will be shifted so that their individual reference point lies within the primary unit cell. If None, no such shift is performed.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates are modified in place.

Returns:

coords – Unwrapped atom coordinate array of shape (n, 3).

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

NoDataError – If compound is 'molecules' but the underlying topology does not contain molecule information, or if reference is 'com' but the topology does not contain masses.
ValueError – If reference is not one of 'com', 'cog', or None, or if reference is 'com' and the total mass of any compound is zero.

Note

Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be unwrapped! If you want entire molecules to be unwrapped, make sure that all atoms of these molecules are part of the group. An AtomGroup containing all atoms of all fragments in the group ag can be created with:

all_frag_atoms = sum(ag.fragments)

See also

make_whole(), wrap(), pack_into_box(), apply_PBC()

Added in version 0.20.0.

wrap(compound='atoms', center='com', box=None, inplace=True)

Shift the contents of this group back into the primary unit cell according to periodic boundary conditions.

Specifying a compound will keep the Atoms in each compound together during the process. If compound is different from 'atoms', each compound as a whole will be shifted so that its center lies within the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

compound ({'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to keep together during wrapping. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'com', 'cog'}) – How to define the center of a given group of atoms. If compound is 'atoms', this parameter is meaningless and therefore ignored.
box (array_like, optional) – The unitcell dimensions of the system, which can be orthogonal or triclinic and must be provided in the same format as returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions: [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses the dimensions of the current time step.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates will be changed in place.

Returns:

Array of wrapped atom coordinates of dtype np.float32 and shape (len(self.atoms.n_atoms), 3)

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds or if center is 'com' but the topology doesn’t contain masses.

Notes

All atoms of the group will be moved so that the centers of its compounds lie within the primary periodic image. For orthorhombic unit cells, the primary periodic image is defined as the half-open interval \([0,L_i)\) between \(0\) and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions \(i\in\{x,y,z\}\), i.e., the origin of the of the simulation box is taken to be at the origin \((0,0,0)\) of the euclidian coordinate system. A compound center residing at position \(x_i\) in dimension \(i\) will be shifted to \(x_i'\) according to

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\,.\]

When specifying a compound, the translation is calculated based on each compound. The same translation is applied to all atoms within this compound, meaning it will not be broken by the shift. This might however mean that not all atoms of a compound will be inside the unit cell after wrapping, but rather will be the center of the compound. Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account!

center allows to define how the center of each group is computed. This can be either 'com' for center of mass, or 'cog' for center of geometry.

box allows a unit cell to be given for the transformation. If not specified, the dimensions information from the current Timestep will be used.

Note

AtomGroup.wrap() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.wrap() or SegmentGroup.wrap().

Added in version 0.9.2.

Changed in version 0.20.0: The method only acts on atoms belonging to the group and returns the wrapped positions as a numpy.ndarray. Added optional argument inplace.

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.SegmentGroup(*args, **kwargs)[source]

SegmentGroup base class.

This class is used by a Universe for generating its Topology-specific SegmentGroup class. All the TopologyAttr components are obtained from GroupBase, so this class only includes ad-hoc methods specific to SegmentGroups.

SegmentGroups can be compared and combined using group operators. See the list of these operators on GroupBase.

Deprecated since version 0.16.2: Instant selectors of Segments will be removed in the 1.0 release.

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed instant selectors, use select_atoms instead

Changed in version 2.1.0: Indexing an SegmentGroup with None raises a TypeError.

accumulate(attribute, function=<function sum>, compound='group')

Accumulates the attribute associated with (compounds of) the group.

Accumulates the attribute of Atoms in the group. The accumulation per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. By default, the method sums up all attributes per compound, but any function that takes an array and returns an acuumulation over a given axis can be used. For multi-dimensional input arrays, the accumulation is performed along the first axis.

Parameters:

attribute (str or array_like) – Attribute or array of values to accumulate. If a numpy.ndarray (or compatible) is provided, its first dimension must have the same length as the total number of atoms in the group.
function (callable, optional) – The function performing the accumulation. It must take the array of attribute values to accumulate as its only positional argument and accept an (optional) keyword argument axis allowing to specify the axis along which the accumulation is performed.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the accumulation of all attributes associated with atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the accumulation of the attributes per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

Acuumulation of the attribute. If compound is set to 'group', the first dimension of the attribute array will be contracted to a single value. If compound is set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the length of the first dimension will correspond to the number of compounds. In all cases, the other dimensions of the returned array will be of the original shape (without the first dimension).

Return type:

float or numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If the length of a provided attribute array does not correspond to the number of atoms in the group.
ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums), or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the total charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.accumulate('charges')
-251.68500316143036

To find the total mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.accumulate('masses', compound='residues')
 array([12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011, 12.011,
        ...

To find the maximum atomic charge per fragment of a given AtomGroup:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> sel.accumulate('charges', compound="fragments", function=np.max)
array([0.20999999])

Added in version 0.20.0.

align_principal_axis(axis, vector)

Align principal axis with index axis with vector.

Parameters:

axis ({0, 1, 2}) – Index of the principal axis (0, 1, or 2), as produced by principal_axes().
vector (array_like) – Vector to align principal axis with.

Notes

To align the long axis of a channel (the first principal axis, i.e. axis = 0) with the z-axis:

u.atoms.align_principal_axis(0, [0,0,1])
u.atoms.write("aligned.pdb")

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

asphericity(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Asphericity.

See [Dima2004b] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap and compound parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

asunique(sorted=False)[source]

Return a SegmentGroup containing unique Segments only, with optional sorting.

If the SegmentGroup is unique, this is the group itself.

Parameters:: sorted (bool (optional)) – Whether or not the returned SegmentGroup should be sorted by segindex.
Returns:: Unique SegmentGroup
Return type:: SegmentGroup

Examples

>>> sg = u.segments[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> sg
<SegmentGroup with 6 segments>
>>> sg.ix
array([2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0])
>>> sg2 = sg.asunique(sorted=True)
>>> sg2
<SegmentGroup with 3 segments>
>>> sg2.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> sg2.asunique() is sg2
True

Added in version 2.0.0.

property atoms

An AtomGroup of Atoms present in this SegmentGroup.

The Atoms are ordered locally by Residue, which are further ordered by Segment in the SegmentGroup. Duplicates are not removed.

bbox(wrap=False)

Return the bounding box of the selection.

The lengths A,B,C of the orthorhombic enclosing box are

L = AtomGroup.bbox()
A,B,C = L[1] - L[0]

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all Atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: corners – 2x3 array giving corners of bounding box as [[xmin, ymin, zmin], [xmax, ymax, zmax]].
Return type:: numpy.ndarray

Added in version 0.7.2.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

property bfactors: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

bsphere(wrap=False)

Return the bounding sphere of the selection.

The sphere is calculated relative to the center of geometry.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Returns:

R (float) – Radius of the bounding sphere.
center (numpy.ndarray) – Coordinates of the sphere center as [xcen, ycen, zcen].

Added in version 0.7.3.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center(weights, wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Weighted center of (compounds of) the group

Computes the weighted center of Atoms in the group. Weighted centers per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the weights of a compound sum up to zero, the coordinates of that compound’s weighted center will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

weights (array_like or None) – Weights to be used. Setting weights=None is equivalent to passing identical weights for all atoms of the group.
wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not 'group' the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default [False].
unwrap (bool, optional) –

If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their
centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the weighted center of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the weighted centers of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the weighted center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
ValueError – If both ‘wrap’ and ‘unwrap’ set to true.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds.

Examples

To find the center of charge of a given AtomGroup:

>>> sel = u.select_atoms('prop mass > 4.0')
>>> sel.center(sel.charges)
array([-0.22925091, -0.04771193, -0.16728489])

To find the centers of mass per residue of all CA Atoms:

 >>> sel = u.select_atoms('name CA')
 >>> sel.center(sel.masses, compound='residues')
 array([[ 11.66462231,   8.39347267,  -8.98323059],
       [ 11.41483879,   5.43442154,  -6.51348448],
       [  8.95975494,   5.61292315,  -3.61323047],
       [  8.29006767,   3.07599092,  -0.79665166],
       [  5.01112604,   3.76389837,   1.130355  ],
       ...

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_charge(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of (absolute) charge of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \vert q_i \vert \boldsymbol r_i} {\sum_i \vert q_i \vert}\]

where \(q_i\) is the charge and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of charge per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the charges of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of charge of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic charges.

Added in version 2.2.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

center_of_geometry(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

center_of_mass(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of mass of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i m_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum m_i}\]

where \(m_i\) is the mass and \(\boldsymbol r_i\) the position of atom \(i\) in the given MDAnalysis.core.groups.AtomGroup. Centers of mass per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly. If the masses of a compound sum up to zero, the center of mass coordinates of that compound will be nan (not a number).

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the center of mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Otherwise, the centers of mass of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the center(s) of mass of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d coordinate array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Note

This method can only be accessed if the underlying topology has information about atomic masses.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc parameter

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds; added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

centroid(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Center of geometry of (compounds of) the group

\[\boldsymbol R = \frac{\sum_i \boldsymbol r_i}{\sum_i 1}\]

where \(\boldsymbol r_i\) of Atoms \(i\). Centers of geometry per Residue or per Segment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is 'segments' or 'residues', the center of each compound will be calculated without moving any Atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation. Default False.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – If 'group', the center of geometry of all Atoms in the group will be returned as a single position vector. Else, the centers of geometry of each Segment or Residue will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

center – Position vector(s) of the geometric center(s) of the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single position vector. If compound was set to 'segments' or 'residues', the output will be a 2d array of shape (n, 3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.19.0: Added compound parameter

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added 'molecules' and 'fragments' compounds

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed flags affecting default behaviour

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

concatenate(other)

Concatenate with another Group or Component of the same level.

Duplicate entries and original order is preserved. It is synomymous to the + operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with elements of self and other concatenated
Return type:: Group

Example

The order of the original contents (including duplicates) are preserved when performing a concatenation.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 + ag2  # or ag1.concatenate(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['O', 'O', 'O'], dtype=object)
>>> ag3[-3:].names
array(['N', 'N', 'N'], dtype=object)

Added in version 0.16.0.

copy(): Get another group identical to this one.

Added in version 0.19.0.

difference(other)

Elements from this Group that do not appear in another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. As such, it is different from subtract(). difference() is synomymous to the - operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

See also

subtract, symmetric_difference

Added in version 0.16.

property dimensions: Obtain a copy of the dimensions of the currently loaded Timestep

dipole_moment(**kwargs)

Dipole moment of the group or compounds in a group.

\[\mu = |\boldsymbol{\mu}| = \sqrt{ \sum_{i=1}^{D} \mu^2 }\]

Where \(D\) is the number of dimensions, in this case 3.

Computes the dipole moment of Atoms in the group. Dipole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is a net charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment is dependent on the center chosen. See dipole_vector().

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

dipole_vector(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Dipole vector of the group.

\[\boldsymbol{\mu} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

Computes the dipole vector of Atoms in the group. Dipole vector per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that the magnitude of the dipole moment is independent of the center chosen unless the species has a net charge. In the case of a charged group the dipole moment can be later adjusted with:

\[\boldsymbol{\mu}_{COC} = \boldsymbol{\mu}_{COM} + q_{ag}\mathbf{r}_{COM} - q_{ag}\boldsymbol{r}_{COC}\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\) is the center of mass and \(\mathbf{r}_{COC}\) is the center of charge.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single dipole vector returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 2d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Dipole vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

groupby(topattrs)

Group together items in this group according to values of topattr

Parameters:: topattrs (str or list) – One or more topology attributes to group components by. Single arguments are passed as a string. Multiple arguments are passed as a list.
Returns:: Unique values of the multiple combinations of topology attributes as keys, Groups as values.
Return type:: dict

Example

To group atoms with the same mass together:

 >>> ag.groupby('masses')
 {32.06: <AtomGroup with 7 atoms>,
  1.008: <AtomGroup with 1685 atoms>,
  12.011: <AtomGroup with 1040 atoms>,
  14.007: <AtomGroup with 289 atoms>,
  15.999: <AtomGroup with 320 atoms>}

To group atoms with the same residue name and mass together:

 >>> group_dict = ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])
 >>> dict(sorted(group_dict.items()))
 {('ALA', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 95 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 12.011): <AtomGroup with 57 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 14.007): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ALA', 15.999): <AtomGroup with 19 atoms>,
  ('ARG', 1.008): <AtomGroup with 169 atoms>,
  ...

>>> ag.groupby(['resnames', 'masses'])['ALA', 15.999]
<AtomGroup with 19 atoms>

Added in version 0.16.0.

Changed in version 0.18.0: The function accepts multiple attributes

gyration_moments(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moments of the gyration tensor.

The moments are defined as the eigenvalues of the gyration tensor.

\[\mathsf{T} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} (\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{i} - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM})\]

Where \(\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{COM}\) is the center of mass.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Returns:

principle_moments_of_gyration – Gyration vector(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(Å^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single vector of length 3. Otherwise, the output will be a 2D array of shape (n,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.5.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

intersection(other)

Group of elements which are in both this Group and another

This method removes duplicate elements and sorts the result. It is synomymous to the & operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the common elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

Intersections can be used when the select atoms string would become too complicated. For example to find the water atoms which are within 4.0A of two segments:

>>> shell1 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 1')
>>> shell2 = u.select_atoms('resname SOL and around 4.0 segid 2')
>>> common = shell1 & shell2  # or shell1.intersection(shell2)

See also

union

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_subset(other)

If this Group is a subset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

is_strict_superset(other)

If this Group is a superset of another Group but not identical

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a strict superset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

isdisjoint(other)

If the Group has no elements in common with the other Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if the two Groups do not have common elements
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issubset(other)

If all elements of this Group are part of another Group

Note that an empty group is a subset of any group of the same level.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

issuperset(other)

If all elements of another Group are part of this Group

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: True if this Group is a subset of the other one
Return type:: bool

Added in version 0.16.

property isunique

Boolean indicating whether all components of the group are unique, i.e., the group contains no duplicates.

Examples

>>> ag = u.atoms[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> ag
<AtomGroup with 6 atoms>
>>> ag.isunique
False
>>> ag2 = ag.unique
>>> ag2
<AtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> ag2.isunique
True

See also

asunique

Added in version 0.19.0.

property ix

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

If this Group is an AtomGroup, these are the indices of the Atom instances.
If it is a ResidueGroup, these are the indices of the Residue instances.
If it is a SegmentGroup, these are the indices of the Segment instances.

property ix_array

Unique indices of the components in the Group.

For a Group, ix_array is the same as ix. This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

moment_of_inertia(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Moment of inertia tensor relative to center of mass.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact. Instead, the resulting center-of-mass position vectors will be moved to the primary unit cell after calculation.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers and tensor of inertia.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional compound determines the behavior of wrap. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.

Returns:

moment_of_inertia – Moment of inertia tensor as a 3 x 3 numpy array.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

The moment of inertia tensor \(\mathsf{I}\) is calculated for a group of \(N\) atoms with coordinates \(\mathbf{r}_i,\ 1 \le i \le N\) relative to its center of mass from the relative coordinates

\[\mathbf{r}'_i = \mathbf{r}_i - \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i} \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \mathbf{r}_i\]

as

\[\mathsf{I} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} m_i \Big[(\mathbf{r}'_i\cdot\mathbf{r}'_i) \sum_{\alpha=1}^{3} \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha \otimes \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha - \mathbf{r}'_i \otimes \mathbf{r}'_i\Big]\]

where \(\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\alpha\) are Cartesian unit vectors, or in Cartesian coordinates

\[I_{\alpha,\beta} = \sum_{k=1}^{N} m_k \Big(\big(\sum_{\gamma=1}^3 (x'^{(k)}_{\gamma})^2 \big)\delta_{\alpha,\beta} - x'^{(k)}_{\alpha} x'^{(k)}_{\beta} \Big).\]

where \(x'^{(k)}_{\alpha}\) are the Cartesian coordinates of the relative coordinates \(\mathbf{r}'_k\).

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added unwrap parameter

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property n_atoms

Number of atoms present in the SegmentGroup, including duplicate segments (and thus, duplicate atoms).

Equivalent to len(self.atoms).

property n_residues

Number of residues present in this SegmentGroup, including duplicate segments (and thus, residues).

Equivalent to len(self.residues).

property n_segments

Number of segments in the SegmentGroup.

Equivalent to len(self).

pack_into_box(box=None, inplace=True)

Shift all Atoms in this group to the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

box (array_like) – Box dimensions, can be either orthogonal or triclinic information. Cell dimensions must be in an identical to format to those returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions, [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses these timestep dimensions.
inplace (bool) – True to change coordinates in place.

Returns:

coords – Shifted atom coordinates.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Notes

All atoms will be moved so that they lie between 0 and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions, i.e. the lower left corner of the simulation box is taken to be at (0,0,0):

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\]

The default is to take unit cell information from the underlying Timestep instance. The optional argument box can be used to provide alternative unit cell information (in the MDAnalysis standard format [Lx, Ly, Lz, alpha, beta, gamma]).

Works with either orthogonal or triclinic box types.

Note

pack_into_box() is identical to wrap() with all default keywords.

Note

AtomGroup.pack_into_box() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.pack_into_box() or SegmentGroup.pack_into_box().

Added in version 0.8.

principal_axes(wrap=False)

Calculate the principal axes from the moment of inertia.

e1,e2,e3 = AtomGroup.principal_axes()

The eigenvectors are sorted by eigenvalue, i.e. the first one corresponds to the highest eigenvalue and is thus the first principal axes.

The eigenvectors form a right-handed coordinate system.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
Returns:: axis_vectors – 3 x 3 array with v[0] as first, v[1] as second, and v[2] as third eigenvector.
Return type:: array

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 1.0.0: Always return principal axes in right-hand convention.

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_moment(**kwargs)

Quadrupole moment of the group according to [1].

\[Q = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}:{\hat{\mathsf{Q}}}}\]

where the quadrupole moment is calculated from the tensor double contraction of the traceless quadropole tensor \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\)

Computes the quadrupole moment of Atoms in the group. Quadrupole per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole moment is dependant on the center chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole moment(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

quadrupole_tensor(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group', center='mass')

Traceless quadrupole tensor of the group or compounds.

This tensor is first computed as the outer product of vectors from a reference point to some atom, and multiplied by the atomic charge. The tensor of each atom is then summed to produce the quadrupole tensor of the group:

\[\mathsf{Q} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} q_{i} ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} ) \otimes ( \mathbf{r}_{i} - \mathbf{r}_{COM} )\]

The traceless quadrupole tensor, \(\hat{\mathsf{Q}}\), is then taken from:

\[\hat{\mathsf{Q}} = \frac{3}{2} \mathsf{Q} - \frac{1}{2} tr(\mathsf{Q})\]

Computes the quadrupole tensor of Atoms in the group. Tensor per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Note that when there is an unsymmetrical plane in the molecule or group, the magnitude of the quadrupole tensor is dependent on the center (e.g., \(\mathbf{r}_{COM}\)) chosen and cannot be translated.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True and compound is 'group', move all atoms to the primary unit cell before calculation. If True and compound is not group, the centers of mass of each compound will be calculated without moving any atoms to keep the compounds intact.
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional If 'group', a single quadrupole value returns. Otherwise, an array of each Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as an array of position vectors, i.e. a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'mass', 'charge'}, optional) – Choose whether the dipole vector is calculated at the center of “mass” or the center of “charge”, default is “mass”.

Returns:

Quadrupole tensor(s) of (compounds of) the group in \(eÅ^2\). If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single tensor of shape (3,3). Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,3,3) where n is the number of compounds.

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Added in version 2.4.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

radius_of_gyration(wrap=False, **kwargs)

Radius of gyration.

Parameters:: wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property residues

A ResidueGroup of Residues present in this SegmentGroup.

The Residues are ordered locally by Segment in the SegmentGroup. Duplicates are not removed.

rotate(R, point=(0, 0, 0))

Apply a rotation matrix R to the selection’s coordinates. \(\mathsf{R}\) is a 3x3 orthogonal matrix that transforms a vector \(\mathbf{x} \rightarrow \mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x}\]

Atom coordinates are rotated in-place.

Parameters:

R (array_like) – 3x3 rotation matrix
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation

Return type:

self

Notes

By default, rotates about the origin point=(0, 0, 0). To rotate a group g around its center of geometry, use g.rotate(R, point=g.center_of_geometry()).

See also

rotateby: rotate around given axis and angle
MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

rotateby(angle, axis, point=None)

Apply a rotation to the selection’s coordinates.

Parameters:

angle (float) – Rotation angle in degrees.
axis (array_like) – Rotation axis vector.
point (array_like, optional) – Center of rotation. If None then the center of geometry of this group is used.

Return type:

self

Notes

The transformation from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\) is

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\,(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{p}) + \mathbf{p}\]

where \(\mathsf{R}\) is the rotation by angle around the axis going through point \(\mathbf{p}\).

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations.rotation_matrix

calculate: math:mathsf{R}

property segments

The SegmentGroup itself.

See also

copy: return a true copy of the SegmentGroup

Changed in version 0.19.0: In previous versions, this returned a copy, but now the SegmentGroup itself is returned. This should not affect any code but only speed up calculations.

shape_parameter(wrap=False, unwrap=False, compound='group')

Shape parameter.

See [Dima2004a] for background information.

Parameters:

wrap (bool, optional) – If True, move all atoms within the primary unit cell before calculation. [False]
unwrap (bool, optional) – If True, compounds will be unwrapped before computing their centers.
compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'}, optional) – Which type of component to keep together during unwrapping.

Added in version 0.7.7.

Changed in version 0.8: Added pbc keyword

Changed in version 2.1.0: Renamed pbc kwarg to wrap. pbc is still accepted but is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0. Superfluous kwargs were removed.

Changed in version 2.5.0: Added calculation for any compound type

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

subtract(other)

Group with elements from this Group that don’t appear in other

The original order of this group is kept, as well as any duplicate elements. If an element of this Group is duplicated and appears in the other Group or Component, then all the occurences of that element are removed from the returned Group.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements of self that are not in other, conserves order and duplicates.
Return type:: Group

Example

Unlike difference() this method will not sort or remove duplicates.

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[2]
>>> ag3 = ag1.subtract(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices
array([3, 3, 1, 1])

See also

concatenate, difference

Added in version 0.16.

symmetric_difference(other)

Group of elements which are only in one of this Group or another

This method removes duplicate elements and the result is sorted. It is synomym to the ^ operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the elements that are in self or in other but not in both, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

>>> ag1 = u.atoms[[0, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2]]
>>> ag2 = u.atoms[[4, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5]]
>>> ag3 = ag1 ^ ag2  # or ag1.symmetric_difference(ag2)
>>> ag3.indices  # 0 and 1 are only in ag1, 4 and 6 are only in ag2
array([0, 1, 4, 6])

See also

difference

Added in version 0.16.

total_charge(compound='group')

Total charge of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total charge of Atoms in the group. Total charges per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If ‘group’, the total charge of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total charges per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the charges of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total charge of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have charges. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

total_mass(compound='group')

Total mass of (compounds of) the group.

Computes the total mass of Atoms in the group. Total masses per Residue, Segment, molecule, or fragment can be obtained by setting the compound parameter accordingly.

Parameters:: compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', 'fragments'},) – optional If 'group', the total mass of all atoms in the group will be returned as a single value. Otherwise, the total masses per Segment, Residue, molecule, or fragment will be returned as a 1d array. Note that, in any case, only the masses of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
Returns:: Total mass of (compounds of) the group. If compound was set to 'group', the output will be a single value. Otherwise, the output will be a 1d array of shape (n,) where n is the number of compounds.
Return type:: float or numpy.ndarray

Changed in version 0.20.0: Added compound parameter

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have masses. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

transform(M)

Apply homogenous transformation matrix M to the coordinates.

Atom coordinates are rotated and translated in-place.

Parameters:: M (array_like) – 4x4 matrix with the rotation in R = M[:3, :3] and the translation in t = M[:3, 3].
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The rotation \(\mathsf{R}\) is about the origin and is applied before the translation \(\mathbf{t}\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathsf{R}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

translate(t)

Apply translation vector t to the selection’s coordinates.

Atom coordinates are translated in-place.

Parameters:: t (array_like) – vector to translate coordinates with
Return type:: self

See also

MDAnalysis.lib.transformations: module of all coordinate transforms

Notes

The method applies a translation to the AtomGroup from current coordinates \(\mathbf{x}\) to new coordinates \(\mathbf{x}'\):

\[\mathbf{x}' = \mathbf{x} + \mathbf{t}\]

union(other)

Group of elements either in this Group or another

On the contrary to concatenation, this method sort the elements and removes duplicate ones. It is synomymous to the | operator.

Parameters:: other (Group or Component) – Group or Component with other.level same as self.level
Returns:: Group with the combined elements of self and other, without duplicate elements
Return type:: Group

Example

In contrast to concatenate(), any duplicates are dropped and the result is sorted.

>>> ag1 = u.select_atoms('name O')
>>> ag2 = u.select_atoms('name N')
>>> ag3 = ag1 | ag2  # or ag1.union(ag2)
>>> ag3[:3].names
array(['N', 'O', 'N'], dtype=object)

See also

concatenate, intersection

Added in version 0.16.

property unique

Return a SegmentGroup containing sorted and unique Segments only.

Examples

>>> sg = u.segments[[2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0]]
>>> sg
<SegmentGroup with 6 segments>
>>> sg.ix
array([2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0])
>>> sg2 = sg.unique
>>> sg2
<SegmentGroup with 3 segments>
>>> sg2.ix
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> sg2.unique is sg2
False

Added in version 0.16.0.

Changed in version 0.19.0: If the SegmentGroup is already unique, SegmentGroup.unique now returns the group itself instead of a copy.

Changed in version 2.0.0: This function now always returns a copy.

property universe: The underlying Universe the group belongs to.

unwrap(compound='fragments', reference='com', inplace=True)

Move atoms of this group so that bonds within the group’s compounds aren’t split across periodic boundaries.

This function is most useful when atoms have been packed into the primary unit cell, causing breaks mid-molecule, with the molecule then appearing on either side of the unit cell. This is problematic for operations such as calculating the center of mass of the molecule.

+-----------+       +-----------+
|           |       |           |
| 6       3 |       |         3 | 6
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
|-5-8   1-2-|  ==>  |       1-2-|-5-8
| !       ! |       |         ! | !
| 7       4 |       |         4 | 7
|           |       |           |
+-----------+       +-----------+

Parameters:

compound ({'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to unwrap. Note that, in any case, all atoms within each compound must be interconnected by bonds, i.e., compounds must correspond to (parts of) molecules.
reference ({'com', 'cog', None}, optional) – If 'com' (center of mass) or 'cog' (center of geometry), the unwrapped compounds will be shifted so that their individual reference point lies within the primary unit cell. If None, no such shift is performed.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates are modified in place.

Returns:

coords – Unwrapped atom coordinate array of shape (n, 3).

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

NoDataError – If compound is 'molecules' but the underlying topology does not contain molecule information, or if reference is 'com' but the topology does not contain masses.
ValueError – If reference is not one of 'com', 'cog', or None, or if reference is 'com' and the total mass of any compound is zero.

Note

Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be unwrapped! If you want entire molecules to be unwrapped, make sure that all atoms of these molecules are part of the group. An AtomGroup containing all atoms of all fragments in the group ag can be created with:

all_frag_atoms = sum(ag.fragments)

See also

make_whole(), wrap(), pack_into_box(), apply_PBC()

Added in version 0.20.0.

wrap(compound='atoms', center='com', box=None, inplace=True)

Shift the contents of this group back into the primary unit cell according to periodic boundary conditions.

Specifying a compound will keep the Atoms in each compound together during the process. If compound is different from 'atoms', each compound as a whole will be shifted so that its center lies within the primary unit cell.

Parameters:

compound ({'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', ) – ‘fragments’}, optional Which type of compound to keep together during wrapping. Note that, in any case, only the positions of Atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account.
center ({'com', 'cog'}) – How to define the center of a given group of atoms. If compound is 'atoms', this parameter is meaningless and therefore ignored.
box (array_like, optional) – The unitcell dimensions of the system, which can be orthogonal or triclinic and must be provided in the same format as returned by MDAnalysis.coordinates.timestep.Timestep.dimensions: [lx, ly, lz, alpha, beta, gamma]. If None, uses the dimensions of the current time step.
inplace (bool, optional) – If True, coordinates will be changed in place.

Returns:

Array of wrapped atom coordinates of dtype np.float32 and shape (len(self.atoms.n_atoms), 3)

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

Raises:

ValueError – If compound is not one of 'atoms', 'group', 'segments', 'residues', 'molecules', or 'fragments'.
NoDataError – If compound is 'molecule' but the topology doesn’t contain molecule information (molnums) or if compound is 'fragments' but the topology doesn’t contain bonds or if center is 'com' but the topology doesn’t contain masses.

Notes

All atoms of the group will be moved so that the centers of its compounds lie within the primary periodic image. For orthorhombic unit cells, the primary periodic image is defined as the half-open interval \([0,L_i)\) between \(0\) and boxlength \(L_i\) in all dimensions \(i\in\{x,y,z\}\), i.e., the origin of the of the simulation box is taken to be at the origin \((0,0,0)\) of the euclidian coordinate system. A compound center residing at position \(x_i\) in dimension \(i\) will be shifted to \(x_i'\) according to

\[x_i' = x_i - \left\lfloor\frac{x_i}{L_i}\right\rfloor\,.\]

When specifying a compound, the translation is calculated based on each compound. The same translation is applied to all atoms within this compound, meaning it will not be broken by the shift. This might however mean that not all atoms of a compound will be inside the unit cell after wrapping, but rather will be the center of the compound. Be aware of the fact that only atoms belonging to the group will be taken into account!

center allows to define how the center of each group is computed. This can be either 'com' for center of mass, or 'cog' for center of geometry.

box allows a unit cell to be given for the transformation. If not specified, the dimensions information from the current Timestep will be used.

Note

AtomGroup.wrap() is currently faster than ResidueGroup.wrap() or SegmentGroup.wrap().

Added in version 0.9.2.

Changed in version 0.20.0: The method only acts on atoms belonging to the group and returns the wrapped positions as a numpy.ndarray. Added optional argument inplace.

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.UpdatingAtomGroup(*args, **kwargs)[source]

AtomGroup subclass that dynamically updates its selected atoms.

Accessing any attribute/method of an UpdatingAtomGroup instance triggers a check for the last frame the group was updated. If the last frame matches the current trajectory frame, the attribute is returned normally; otherwise the group is updated (the stored selections are re-applied), and only then is the attribute returned.

Added in version 0.16.0.

Parameters:

base_group (AtomGroup) – group on which selections are to be applied.
selections (a tuple of Selection) – instances selections ready to be applied to base_group.

property atoms

Get a static AtomGroup identical to the group of currently selected Atoms in the UpdatingAtomGroup.

By returning a static AtomGroup it becomes possible to compare the contents of the group between trajectory frames. See the Example below.

Note

The atoms attribute of an UpdatingAtomGroup behaves differently from AtomGroup.atoms: the latter returns the AtomGroup itself whereas the former returns a AtomGroup and not an UpdatingAtomGroup (for this, use UpdatingAtomGroup.copy()).

Example

The static atoms allows comparison of groups of atoms between frames. For example, track water molecules that move in and out of a solvation shell of a protein

u = mda.Universe(TPR, XTC)
water_shell = u.select_atoms("name OW and around 3.5 protein",
                             updating=True)
water_shell_prev = water_shell.atoms

for ts in u.trajectory:
    exchanged = water_shell - water_shell_prev

print(ts.time, "waters in shell =", water_shell.n_residues)
print(ts.time, "waters that exchanged = ", exchanged.n_residues)
print(ts.time, "waters that remained bound = ",
      water_shell.n_residues - exchanged.n_residues)

water_shell_prev = water_shell.atoms

By remembering the atoms of the current time step in water_shell_prev, it becomes possible to use the subtraction of AtomGroups to find the water molecules that changed.

See also

copy: return a true copy of the UpdatingAtomGroup

copy()[source]: Get another UpdatingAtomGroup identical to this one.

Added in version 0.19.0.

property is_uptodate

Checks whether the selection needs updating based on frame number only.

Modifications to the coordinate data that render selections stale are not caught, and in those cases is_uptodate may return an erroneous value.

Returns:: True if the group’s selection is up-to-date, False otherwise.
Return type:: bool

update_selection()[source]

Forces the reevaluation and application of the group’s selection(s).

This method is triggered automatically when accessing attributes, if the last update occurred under a different trajectory frame.

12.2.2.1.2. Chemical units

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.Atom(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Atom base class.

This class is used by a Universe for generating its Topology-specific Atom class. All the TopologyAttr components are obtained from ComponentBase, so this class only includes ad-hoc methods specific to Atoms.

property bfactor: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property bonded_atoms: An AtomGroup of all Atoms bonded to this Atom.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property force

Force on the atom.

The force can be changed by assigning an array of shape (3,).

Note

changing the force is not reflected in any files; reading any frame from the trajectory will replace the change with that from the file

Raises:: NoDataError – If the underlying Timestep does not contain forces.

property fragindex: The index (ID) of the fragment this Atom is part of.

Added in version 0.20.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property fragment

An AtomGroup representing the fragment this Atom is part of.

A fragment is a group of atoms which are interconnected by Bonds, i.e., there exists a path along one or more Bonds between any pair of Atoms within a fragment. Thus, a fragment typically corresponds to a molecule.

Added in version 0.9.0.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have bonds. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

property ix

Unique index of this component.

If this component is an Atom, this is the index of the Atom. If it is a Residue, this is the index of the Residue. If it is a Segment, this is the index of the Segment.

property ix_array

Unique index of this component as an array.

This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

property position

Coordinates of the atom.

The position can be changed by assigning an array of length (3,).

Note

changing the position is not reflected in any files; reading any frame from the trajectory will replace the change with that from the file

Raises:: NoDataError – If the underlying Timestep does not contain positions.

property velocity

Velocity of the atom.

The velocity can be changed by assigning an array of shape (3,).

Note

changing the velocity is not reflected in any files; reading any frame from the trajectory will replace the change with that from the file

Raises:: NoDataError – If the underlying Timestep does not contain velocities.

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.Residue(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Residue base class.

This class is used by a Universe for generating its Topology-specific Residue class. All the TopologyAttr components are obtained from ComponentBase, so this class only includes ad-hoc methods specific to Residues.

property atoms: An AtomGroup of Atoms present in this Residue.

property bfactors: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

chi1_selection(n_name='N', ca_name='CA', cb_name='CB', cg_name='CG CG1 OG OG1 SG')

Select AtomGroup corresponding to the chi1 sidechain dihedral N-CA-CB-*G. The gamma atom is taken to be the heavy atom in the gamma position. If more than one heavy atom is present (e.g. CG1 and CG2), the one with the lower number is used (CG1).

Warning

This numbering of chi1 atoms here in following with the IUPAC 1970 rules. However, it should be noted that analyses which use dihedral angles may have different definitions. For example, the MDAnalysis.analysis.dihedrals.Janin class does not incorporate amino acids where the gamma atom is not carbon, into its chi1 selections.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom
cb_name (str (optional)) – name for the beta-carbon atom
cg_name (str (optional)) – name for the gamma-carbon atom

Returns:

4-atom selection in the correct order. If no CB and/or CG is found then this method returns None.

Return type:

AtomGroup

Added in version 0.7.5.

Changed in version 1.0.0: Added arguments for flexible atom names and refactored code for faster atom matching with boolean arrays.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

property ix

Unique index of this component.

If this component is an Atom, this is the index of the Atom. If it is a Residue, this is the index of the Residue. If it is a Segment, this is the index of the Segment.

property ix_array

Unique index of this component as an array.

This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

omega_selection(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select AtomGroup corresponding to the omega protein backbone dihedral CA-C-N’-CA’.

omega describes the -C-N- peptide bond. Typically, it is trans (180 degrees) although cis-bonds (0 degrees) are also occasionally observed (especially near Proline).

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

AtomGroup – 4-atom selection in the correct order. If no C’ found in the previous residue (by resid) then this method returns None.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 – Added arguments for flexible atom names and refactored code for faster atom matching with boolean arrays.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

phi_selection(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select AtomGroup corresponding to the phi protein backbone dihedral C’-N-CA-C.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

AtomGroup – 4-atom selection in the correct order. If no C’ found in the previous residue (by resid) then this method returns None.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 – Added arguments for flexible atom names and refactored code for faster atom matching with boolean arrays.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

psi_selection(c_name='C', n_name='N', ca_name='CA')

Select AtomGroup corresponding to the psi protein backbone dihedral N-CA-C-N’.

Parameters:

c_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone C atom
n_name (str (optional)) – name for the backbone N atom
ca_name (str (optional)) – name for the alpha-carbon atom

Returns:

AtomGroup – 4-atom selection in the correct order. If no N’ found in the following residue (by resid) then this method returns None.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 – Added arguments for flexible atom names and refactored code for faster atom matching with boolean arrays.

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have names. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

property segment: The Segment this Residue belongs to.

class MDAnalysis.core.groups.Segment(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Segment base class.

This class is used by a Universe for generating its Topology-specific Segment class. All the TopologyAttr components are obtained from ComponentBase, so this class only includes ad-hoc methods specific to Segments.

Deprecated since version 0.16.2: Instant selectors of Segments will be removed in the 1.0 release.

Changed in version 1.0.0: Removed instant selectors, use either segment.residues[…] to select residue by number, or segment.residues[segment.residue.resnames = …] to select by resname.

property atoms: An AtomGroup of Atoms present in this Segment.

property bfactors: Bfactor alias with warning

Note

This requires the underlying topology to have tempfactors. Otherwise, a NoDataError is raised.

get_connections(typename, outside=True)

Get bonded connections between atoms as a TopologyGroup.

Parameters:

typename (str) – group name. One of {“bonds”, “angles”, “dihedrals”, “impropers”, “ureybradleys”, “cmaps”}
outside (bool (optional)) – Whether to include connections involving atoms outside this group.

Returns:

TopologyGroup – containing the bonded group of choice, i.e. bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers, ureybradleys or cmaps.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

property ix

Unique index of this component.

If this component is an Atom, this is the index of the Atom. If it is a Residue, this is the index of the Residue. If it is a Segment, this is the index of the Segment.

property ix_array

Unique index of this component as an array.

This method gives a consistent API between components and groups.

See also

ix

property residues: A ResidueGroup of Residues present in this Segment.

12.2.2.1.3. Levels

Each of the above classes has a level attribute. This can be used to verify that two objects are of the same level, or to access a particular class

u = mda.Universe()

ag = u.atoms[:10]
at = u.atoms[11]

ag.level == at.level  # Returns True

ag.level.singular  # Returns Atom class
at.level.plural  # Returns AtomGroup class

12.2.2. Core objects: Containers — MDAnalysis.core.groups

12.2.2.1. Classes

12.2.2.1.1. Collections

12.2.2.1.2. Chemical units

12.2.2.1.3. Levels

12.2.2. Core objects: Containers — `MDAnalysis.core.groups`