3. Selection commands

Once you have the Universe() object, you can select atoms (using a syntax very similar to CHARMM’s atom selection syntax):

>>> kalp = universe.select_atoms("segid KALP")

The select_atoms() method of a AtomGroup or a Universe returns a AtomGroup, so you can use all the methods defined for AtomGroups on them. Selections always return an AtomGroup with atoms sorted according to their index in the topology (this is to ensure that there are not any duplicates, which can happen with complicated selections).

One can group subselections using parentheses:

>>> universe.select_atoms("segid DMPC and not (name H* or type OW)")
<AtomGroup with 3420 atoms>

Almost all the basic CHARMM selections work.

It is also possible to export selections for external software packages with the help of Selection exporters.

Note

By default, atoms are sorted by index in the output AtomGroup. For example, the below code will return the first, second, and sixth atom in ag:

>>> ag = u.select_atoms("name N")
>>> ag2 = ag[[5, 1, 0]]
>>> ag3 = ag2.select_atoms("name N")
>>> np.all(ag3.ix == ag2.ix)
False

You can turn off sorting behavior with the sorted keyword:

>>> ag = u.select_atoms("name N")
>>> ag2 = ag[[5, 1, 0]]
>>> ag3 = ag2.select_atoms("name N", sorted=False)
>>> np.all(ag3.ix == ag2.ix)
True

For further details on ordered selections, see Ordered selections.

3.1. Selection Keywords

The following describes all selection keywords currently understood by the selection parser. The following applies to all selections:

Keywords are case sensitive.
Atoms are automatically sequentially ordered in a resulting selection (see notes below on Ordered selections for how to circumvent this if necessary).
Selections are parsed left to right and parentheses can be used for grouping.
You can use the singular name of any topology attribute as a selection keyword. Defined topology attributes are listed in the User Guide. Alternatively, you can define a TopologyAttr yourself, providing that the attribute dtype is one of int, float, str (or object), or bool. However, the topology must contain this attribute information for the selection to work.
- Selections of attributes that are integers or floats can use the syntax “myTopologyAttr 0 - 2”, “myTopologyAttr 0:2”, or “myTopologyAttr 0 to 2”, to select a range with both ends inclusive. Whitespace and negative numbers are allowed.
- “myTopologyAttr 0” can be used to select all atoms matching the value; however, this can be tricky with floats because of precision differences and we recommend using a range like above when possible.
- Boolean selections default to True, so “myTopologyAttr” and “myTopologyAttr True” both give all atoms with myTopologyAttr == True.

3.1.1. Simple selections

This is a non-exhaustive list of the available selection keywords. As noted in the dot point above, keywords will be automatically generated for any suitable TopologyAttr. A list of Defined topology attributes is available in the User Guide.

protein, backbone, nucleic, nucleicbackbone: selects all atoms that belong to a standard set of residues; a protein is identfied by a hard-coded set of residue names so it may not work for esoteric residues.
segid seg-name: select by segid (as given in the topology), e.g. segid 4AKE or segid DMPC
resid residue-number-range: resid can take a single residue number or a range of numbers. A range consists of two numbers separated by a colon (inclusive) such as resid 1:5. A residue number (“resid”) is taken directly from the topology.
resnum resnum-number-range: resnum is the canonical residue number; typically it is set to the residue id in the original PDB structure.
resname residue-name: select by residue name, e.g. resname LYS
name atom-name: select by atom name (as given in the topology). Often, this is force field dependent. Example: name CA (for Cα atoms) or name OW (for SPC water oxygen)
type atom-type: select by atom type; this is either a string or a number and depends on the force field; it is read from the topology file (e.g. the CHARMM PSF file contains numeric atom types). It has non-sensical values when a PDB or GRO file is used as a topology.
atom seg-name residue-number atom-name: a selector for a single atom consisting of segid resid atomname, e.g. DMPC 1 C2 selects the C2 carbon of the first residue of the DMPC segment
altLoc alternative-location: a selection for atoms where alternative locations are available, which is often the case with high-resolution crystal structures e.g. resid 4 and resname ALA and altLoc B selects only the atoms of ALA-4 that have an altLoc B record.
chainID chain-name: a selection for atoms where chainIDs have been defined.
element element-name: a selection for atoms where elements have been defined. e.g. element H C
moltype molecule-type: select by molecule type, e.g. moltype Protein_A. At the moment, only the TPR format defines the molecule type.
smarts SMARTS-query: select atoms using Daylight’s SMARTS queries, e.g. smarts [#7;R] to find nitrogen atoms in rings. Requires RDKit. All matches are combined as a single unique match. The smarts selection accepts two sets of key word arguments from select_atoms(): the rdkit_kwargs are passed internally to RDKitConverter.convert() and the smarts_kwargs are passed to RDKit’s GetSubstructMatches. By default, the useChirality kwarg in rdkit_kwargs is set to true and maxMatches in smarts_kwargs is max(1000, 10 * n_atoms), where n_atoms is either len(AtomGroup) or len(Universe.atoms), whichever is applicable. Note that the number of matches can occasionally exceed the default value of maxMatches, causing too few atoms to be returned. If this occurs, a warning will be issued. The problem can be fixed by increasing the value of maxMatches. This behavior may be updated in the future
chiral R | S: select a particular stereocenter. e.g. name C and chirality S to select only S-chiral carbon atoms. Only R and S will be possible options but other values will not raise an error.
formalcharge formal-charge: select atoms based on their formal charge, e.g. name O and formalcharge -1 to select all oxygens with a negative 1 formal charge.

3.1.2. Pattern matching

The pattern matching notation described below is used to specify patterns for matching strings (based on fnmatch):

?: Is a pattern that will match any single character. For example, resname T?R selects residues named “TYR” and “THR”.
*: Is a pattern that will match multiple characters. For example, GL* selects all strings that start with “GL” such as “GLU”, “GLY”, “GLX29”, “GLN”.
[seq]: Would match any character in seq. For example, “resname GL[NY]” selects all residues named “GLN” or “GLY” but would not select “GLU”.
[!seq]: Would match any character not in seq. For example, “resname GL[!NY]” would match residues named “GLU” but would not match “GLN” or “GLY”.

3.1.3. Boolean

not: all atoms not in the selection, e.g. not protein selects all atoms that aren’t part of a protein
and, or: combine two selections according to the rules of boolean algebra, e.g. protein and not (resname ALA or resname LYS) selects all atoms that belong to a protein, but are not in a lysine or alanine residue

3.1.4. Geometric

around distance selection: selects all atoms a certain cutoff away from another selection, e.g. around 3.5 protein selects all atoms not belonging to protein that are within 3.5 Angstroms from the protein
sphlayer innerRadius externalRadius selection: selects all atoms within a spherical layer centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g., sphlayer 2.4 6.0 ( protein and ( resid 130 or resid 80 ) ) selects the center of geometry of protein, resid 130, resid 80 and creates a spherical layer of inner radius 2.4 and external radius 6.0 around the COG.
sphzone externalRadius selection: selects all atoms within a spherical zone centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g. sphzone 6.0 ( protein and ( resid 130 or resid 80 ) ) selects the center of geometry of protein, resid 130, resid 80 and creates a sphere of radius 6.0 around the COG.
cylayer innerRadius externalRadius zMax zMin selection: selects all atoms within a cylindric layer centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g. cylayer 5 10 10 -8 protein selects the center of geometry of protein, and creates a cylindrical layer of inner radius 5, external radius 10 centered on the COG. In z, the cylinder extends from 10 above the COG to 8 below. Positive values for zMin, or negative ones for zMax, are allowed.
cyzone externalRadius zMax zMin selection: selects all atoms within a cylindric zone centered in the center of geometry (COG) of a given selection, e.g. cyzone 15 4 -8 protein and resid 42 selects the center of geometry of protein and resid 42, and creates a cylinder of external radius 15 centered on the COG. In z, the cylinder extends from 4 above the COG to 8 below. Positive values for zMin, or negative ones for zMax, are allowed.

Changed in version 0.10.0: keywords cyzone and cylayer now take zMax and zMin to be relative to the COG of selection, instead of absolute z-values in the box.
point x y z distance: selects all atoms within a cutoff of a point in space, make sure coordinate is separated by spaces, e.g. point 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.5 selects all atoms within 3.5 Angstroms of the coordinate (5.0, 5.0, 5.0)
prop [abs] property operator value: selects atoms based on position, using property x, y, or z coordinate. Supports the abs keyword (for absolute value) and the following operators: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=. For example, prop z >= 5.0 selects all atoms with z coordinate greater than 5.0; prop abs z <= 5.0 selects all atoms within -5.0 <= z <= 5.0.

Note

By default periodicity is taken into account with geometric selections, i.e. selections will find atoms that are in different periodic images. To control this behaviour, use the boolean "periodic" keyword argument of select_atoms().

3.1.5. Similarity and connectivity

same subkeyword as selection: selects all atoms that have the same subkeyword value as any atom in selection. Allowed subkeyword values are the atom properties: name, type, resname, resid, segid, mass, charge, radius, bfactor, resnum, the groups an atom belong to: residue, segment, fragment, and the atom coordinates x, y, z.
byres selection: selects all atoms that are in the same segment and residue as selection, e.g. specify the subselection after the byres keyword. byres is a shortcut to same residue as
bonded selection: selects all atoms that are bonded to selection eg: select name H and bonded name O selects only hydrogens bonded to oxygens

3.1.6. Index

bynum index-range: selects all atoms within a range of (1-based) inclusive indices, e.g. bynum 1 selects the first atom in the universe; bynum 5:10 selects atoms 5 through 10 inclusive. All atoms in the MDAnalysis.Universe are consecutively numbered, and the index runs from 1 up to the total number of atoms.
id index-range: selects all atoms in a range of (1-based) inclusive indices, e.g. id 1 selects all the atoms with id 1; id 5:7 selects all atoms with ids 5, all atoms with ids 6 and all atoms with ids 7.
index index-range: selects all atoms within a range of (0-based) inclusive indices, e.g. index 0 selects the first atom in the universe; index 5:10 selects atoms 6 through 11 inclusive. All atoms in the MDAnalysis.Universe are consecutively numbered, and the index runs from 0 up to the total number of atoms - 1.

Note

Conventionally, id corresponds to the serial number in the PDB format. In contrast to bynum, the id topology attribute is not necessarily continuous, ordered, or unique, and can be arbitrarily assigned by the user.

3.1.7. Preexisting selections and modifiers

group group-name: selects the atoms in the AtomGroup passed to the function as an argument named group-name. Only the atoms common to group-name and the instance select_atoms() was called from will be considered, unless group is preceded by the global keyword. group-name will be included in the parsing just by comparison of atom indices. This means that it is up to the user to make sure the group-name group was defined in an appropriate Universe.
global selection: by default, when issuing select_atoms() from an AtomGroup, selections and subselections are returned intersected with the atoms of that instance. Prefixing a selection term with global causes its selection to be returned in its entirety. As an example, the global keyword allows for lipids.select_atoms("around 10 global protein") — where lipids is a group that does not contain any proteins. Were global absent, the result would be an empty selection since the protein subselection would itself be empty. When issuing select_atoms() from a Universe, global is ignored.

Changed in version 1.0.0: The fullgroup selection has now been removed. Please use the equivalent global group selection.

3.2. Dynamic selections

By default select_atoms() returns an AtomGroup, in which the list of atoms is constant across trajectory frame changes. If select_atoms() is invoked with named argument updating set to True, an UpdatingAtomGroup instance will be returned instead. It behaves just like an AtomGroup object, with the difference that the selection expressions are re-evaluated every time the trajectory frame changes (this happens lazily, only when the UpdatingAtomGroup object is accessed so that there is no redundant updating going on):

# A dynamic selection of corner atoms:
>>> ag_updating = universe.select_atoms("prop x < 5 and prop y < 5 and prop z < 5", updating=True)
>>> ag_updating
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 9 atoms>
>>> universe.trajectory.next()
>>> ag_updating
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 14 atoms>

Using the group selection keyword for preexisting-selections, one can make updating selections depend on AtomGroup, or even other UpdatingAtomGroup, instances. Likewise, making an updating selection from an already updating group will cause later updates to also reflect the updating of the base group:

>>> chained_ag_updating = ag_updating.select_atoms("resid 1:1000", updating=True)
>>> chained_ag_updating
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> universe.trajectory.next()
>>> chained_ag_updating
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 7 atoms>

Finally, a non-updating selection or a slicing/addition operation made on an UpdatingAtomGroup will return a static AtomGroup, which will no longer update across frames:

>>> static_ag = ag_updating.select_atoms("resid 1:1000")
>>> static_ag
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 3 atoms>
>>> universe.trajectory.next()
>>> static_ag
<UpdatingAtomGroup with 3 atoms>

3.3. Ordered selections

select_atoms() sorts the atoms in the AtomGroup by atom index before returning them (this is to eliminate possible duplicates in the selection). If the ordering of atoms is crucial (for instance when describing angles or dihedrals) or if duplicate atoms are required then one has to concatenate multiple AtomGroups, which does not sort them.

The most straightforward way to concatentate two AtomGroups is by using the + operator:

>>> ordered = u.select_atoms("segid DMPC and resid 3 and name P") + u.select_atoms("segid DMPC and resid 2 and name P")
>>> print(list(ordered))
[< Atom 570: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 3 and 'DMPC'>,
< Atom 452: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 2 and 'DMPC'>]

A shortcut is to provide two or more selections to select_atoms(), which then does the concatenation automatically:

>>> print(list(universe.select_atoms("segid DMPC and resid 3 and name P", "segid DMPC and resid 2 and name P")))
[< Atom 570: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 3 and 'DMPC'>,
< Atom 452: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 2 and 'DMPC'>]

Just for comparison to show that a single selection string does not work as one might expect:

# WRONG!
>>> print(list(universe.select_atoms("segid DMPC and (resid 3 or resid 2) and name P")))
[< Atom 452: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 2 and 'DMPC'>,
< Atom 570: name 'P' of type '180' of resid 'DMPC', 3 and 'DMPC'>]